Quantum Physics

Errors in the Quantum Mechanical Calculation of the Fine Structure Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 7 Pages.

The article explains why the Quantum Mechanical derivation of the fine structure spectrum is incorrect. The main error is that in this derivation the substitution of the momentumto partial derivatives of space coordinates is not the same as in the non-relativistic case andtherefore the energy levels that are obtained are not energy levels for the relativistic Hamiltonian,they are energy levels for the non-relativistic Hamiltonian and different. If the error is corrected,the fine structure spectrum formula is not obtained correctly. There are also two other errors inthe Quantum Mechanical derivation.
Category: Quantum Physics

No Relation Between the Fine Structure Constant and Electron Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 7 Pages.

The article shows that there is no such relation between the fine-structure constantand the anomalous magnetic moment of an electron that is claimed by Quantum Electrodynamics. Indeed, there is no clear mathematical relation between these constants. The anomalous magneticmoment is not a real property: it is an apparent magnetic moment caused by force weakening whenacting on a fast spinning electron. The magnetic moment of the electron in its rest frame isthe Bohr magneton.
Category: Quantum Physics

Century Old Questions in Physics

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 14 Pages.

Two major theories in physics, relativity and quantum mechanics, have been around for more than a century. Nonetheless, some fundamental questions remain unclear. The nature of reality in quantum mechanics has long been a question as old as the theory itself. Similarly, the effects of special relativity serve as another long-standing issue of how time and space are intertwined. Although the so-called paradoxes arising from special relativity seem to be resolved through a careful interpretation of the theory, it is still intuitively difficult to acknowledge that such effects can occur in our daily lives. Once again, these fundamental questions in physics are reviewed comprehensively with ontological interpretations of principles and laws in physics with the 4-D complex space model.
Category: Quantum Physics

How Newton's Law of Gravity (the Law of Two-body Gravity) Came to Be Called the Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article attempts to dispel the biggest myth that has surrounded Newton's law of gravitation for over 300 years. It reveals the history of the term "law of universal gravitation" in physics and the consequences of its unjustified application to the law of two-body gravity. The role of Robert Hooke and his astonishing intuition, which paved the way for him to formulate the actual law of universal gravitation, is revealed in a new light.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Cerenkov Effect in the Altermagnetic Medium

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

We derive the spectral formula of the Cherenkov radiation in dielectric medium with the index of refraction and magnetic permeability. This formula is valid also for the altermagnetic medium, where the index of diffraction and permeability must be calculated by the adequate methods which are analogical to the methods published by author (2018).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Klein-Gordon-Fock Equation Correct for the Description of the Particle

Authors: Nekrasov Grigory Yu
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

The quantum mechanical Klein-Gordon-Fock equation in the space-time curved by the background sources is considered. The comparative analysis of this equation and the same equation in the flat Minkowski space-time is made. The Klein-Gordon-Fock equation is solved for the case of the microscopic Schwarzschild black hole near the event horizon. It is supposed that in curved spaces of special type this equation will describe the quantum particle, as then the fourth component of the probability current density — to within a multiplier the probability density will be strictly positive. The solution provided in this article is applicable for the description of a massive particle with spin 0 near the event horizon of the microscopic black holes. The main text of the article will be provided in Russian.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unifying Trends in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, and the Emergence of Life

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a unified theoretical framework (UPCB) that integrates trends in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology into a single Quantum Network Model. Departing from the point-particle paradigm of the Standard Model, we propose that fundamental entities are nodes in a quantum information processing network, emerging from a "Quantum Computing" substrate (2+2 → 3+1 Hopf fibration). Key unifications include: (1) The Wilsonization of the Gauge Theory, identifying the Electron as a time-like "T-quark" and unifying the lepton and quark sectors; (2) The topological unification of bonds, where chemical (covalent/ionic) and nuclear (Masonic) bonds are shown to be isomorphic graph connections distinguished only by the genus of the interaction (Grothendieck’s Dessins d’Enfant); and (3) The identification of Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) as the macroscopicmanifestation of the fundamental gauge chirality. We argue that the emergence of Life is not accidental but mandated by the "diode-like" rectification of quantum information flow through chiral centers, challenging the traditional thermodynamic view of entropy in self-organizing systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sunqm-8: {N,n} QM for the Condensed Matter Structure And/or the Bio-QM Structure (That Formed Under Either the Residue e-Force or the Residue G-Force)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.

In the past 10 years (since 2016), I discovered that not only the Solar system, but also the whole universe (from the Virgo Super Cluster down to a quark) can be described by a brand new {N,n//6} quantum mechanics. The {N,n//q} QM structures of the Solar planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Earth, etc.) further showed that, while the gravitational force strength decreasing (by mass decreasing), the q values also decreased from 6 to 5, 4, 3, and 2. In the current paper, I extended the {N,n//q} QM description to the condensed matter structure and the bio-structure (both of them governed by either the residue E-force, or the residue G-force). 1) I used a one-dimensional {N,n//q} QM with 1 < q < 2 to describe the condensed matter structure in a 1D-space, and then used a set of one-dimensional {N,n//q} QM (with a set of variable q(s), 1 < q < 2, and a set of anisotropic but concentric r1(s)) to describe the condensed matter structure in a 3D space. 2) Furthermore, I used the {N,n//q} QM to describe a bio-structure (e.g., a human body) with 1 < q < 2, and with a set of anisotropic and un-concentric r1(s). 3) The originally isotropic distributed force-line (from a point-centered E-force), is redistributed anisotropic (in a residue E-force), and the density is greatly increased in the direction of the residue E-force’s exertion direction (in 1D-space), and thus greatly increased the force strength in that 1D direction (out of the rθφ-3D space), and formed a strong "σ-bond" in that 1D direction. 4) The same explanation for the residue G-force explained the quasi "σ-bond" in the two arms of a galaxy, and thus contributed to the "Dark matter" effect. Thus, the matter in the two arms of a galaxy can also be treated as the condensed matter (that governed by the residue G-force) in a spiral-line 1D-space (along this galaxy arm’s 1D-space). Similarly, the multi-arm structure (that extended from any one node of the cosmic web) can also be treated as the condensed matter structure that governed by the residue G-force in a multiple (curved-line) 1D-space. 5) If the (newly defined) "primary force strength density" equals to a constant value for all three primary forces (G-, E-, and S-), then we may can estimate the size of our universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Critical View of Quantum Physics

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 26 Pages.

The article explains issues that I see as problems in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. The first section briefly reminds of the main errors in the Relativity Theory that I noticed in earlier papers. Sections 2-5 discuss why I consider wave-particle dualism and wavefunction as incorrect concepts. Section 6 looks at some problems in QED and explains why the theory is not verified by measurements of anomalous magnetic moments and the fine structure constant. Section 7 gives a few comments about the Standard Model and addresses the question why false theories have been accepted in theoretical physics
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of the Entropy of Black Holes

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the c-SRQM framework, a quantum description of the black hole singularity was introduced previously. According to the theory, a black hole singularity is made of a series of concentric spherical shells of a constant diametral step size A. Each shell was shown to be occupied with a fixed set of Primordial Stem Particles (PSP) of rest mass m_bar = h/Ac. The PSP appears to be defining a regime where the point-like and field-like particle physics meet. The innermost shell with diameter A, if it were to be found standing alone by itself, would be the smallest possible black hole in nature with mass of M_1 = Ac^2/4G, named the Unit Black Hole (UBH). In this article we have shown that the Beckenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes can be traced back to the available microstate arrangements of the PSPs on the singularity shells. The Page time and total evaporation time obtained from this theory are shown to be consistent with the existing theoretical predictions, a non-trivial hint to the consistency of the proposed theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Unification of Fermion Masses and Mixing Angles from Clifford Torus Topology

Authors: Dmitry Makaryev, Victor Shcherb
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Standard Model accommodates fermion masses and mixing through nineteen free Yukawa andmixing parameters, offering no structural explanation for their values. Here we derive the complete flavor structure from two principles: the quadratic (Born-rule) form of the mass Hamiltonian and a topological constraint from the Clifford torus in S3 that fixes the interference amplitude to A = √2. We prove that the number of generations N = 3 is the unique solution to the identity Q × N = 2, where Q = 2/3 is the Koide ratio and 2 = χ(S2) is the Euler characteristic of the Bloch sphere.A single geometric phase δ = 2/9 rad determines the entire lepton sector: the charged-lepton mass spectrum (predicting mτ = 1776.97 MeV versus the experimental 1776.86 ± 0.12 MeV), all three PMNS mixing angles via the exact relations θ23 = π/4, θ13 = 2δ/3, θ12 = π/4 − δ (derived from Z3 representation theory), and the Wolfenstein parameter λ = sin δ. The neutrino sector follows from a complementary phase shift Δδ = 3π/4, predicting absolute masses withP mν = 0.059 eV. The universal mass curve evaluated at θ = π yields a dark-sector state at 53.85 MeV whose π-harmonic at 17.14 MeV matches the Atomki X17 anomaly to 0.8% with zero free parameters. The Clifford torus geometry further predicts maximal CP violation (δCP = −π/2) and exact μ—τ reflection symmetry. In total, the model yields twenty experimentally testable predictions from two input masses and onefundamental constant.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two Relativistic Derivations of the Photon Energy-Frequency Relation and Their Pedagogical Significance

Authors: Zilu Liu
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents two novel methods for deriving the photon energy formula. Both methods are strictly rooted in the framework of special relativity, without presupposing quantum theory. Method One rigorously established the proportional relationship between energy and frequency by analyzing the complementarity between the relativistic Doppler effect and the conservation of energy and momentum in Compton scattering, and subsequently determined Planck's constant h through experiments. Method Two derives the photon energy formula naturally by examining the limiting behavior of a massive particle as its velocity approaches the speed of light, incorporating the frequency ratio relationship. These derivations compensate for the deficiency in traditional pedagogy where this formula is introduced merely as a prescriptive conjecture fitting experimental results, providing a profound and unified perspective for understanding this fundamental formula and highlighting the role of relativity as its theoretical foundation, thus holding significant value for physics education.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanic Results of Bell-test Experiments Explained Classically, Intuitively and Comprehensible

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 diagram, 4 figures

The fact that particles of an entangled pair are detected from different viewpoints in Bell-test experiments is the reason why no conclusions can be drawn from the comparison of the outcomes of the detections. Bell-test experiments are about correlations between probabilities for certain combinations of (spin-) outcomes and relative angles of settings of the detectors at which the spin of the particles is measured. Quantum Mechanics predicts those correlations correctly. Because repeated experiments show equal results there must be conditions for a pair of entangled particles to show a certain combination of results. This article explains how to find these conditions and the probabilities with which the certain combinations of outcomes occur. The implication of this explanation is that ‘entanglement’ turns out not to be the Quantum Mechanic phenomenon as is usually assumed.
Category: Quantum Physics

De Broglie's Phase Waves of Electrons on Cyclotron Orbits

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 3 Pages.

The discrete energy levels of electronic orbits in Bohr's model of hydrogen atoms may be derived from the requirement that de Broglie's electronic phase waves are continuous on closed orbits. This short work applies the same reasoning to electronic cyclotron orbits. The resulting discrete energy levels include the non-relativistic Landau levels and additional (half-integer) levels. It is hypothesized that transitions to these additional levels are usually strongly suppressed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Vacuum as Relic of Primordial Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 Pages.

The vacuum of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is a state containing an infinite amount of quantum entanglement between different regions of spacetime. This nonlocal behavior reflects a fundamental property of quantum fields: vacuum fluctuations are globally correlated and cannot be localized to finite regions of spacetime. Here we point out that this property echoes the behavior of primordial spacetime undergoing a sustained transition to classical chaos. Following the entropy framework of [6], we interpret vacuum entanglement as relic of primordial spacetime. Moreover, building off our previous contributions [7-10], results suggest that gravitational physics, the QFT vacuum and the complex behavior of ultraviolet phenomena share a common root in the dynamics of primordial spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computing and Offensive Security: Analysis of Emerging Threats, Attack Vectors, and Defensive Frameworks

Authors: Krishna Agarwal
Comments: 12 Pages.

The emergence of quantum computing represents one of the most significant paradigm shifts in the history of computation, with profound implications for offensive security and cyber warfare. This comprehensive research paper presents a systematic analysis of quantum-enabled offensive capabilities, novel attack vectors targeting quantum systems themselves, and the evolving threat landscape at the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence. We introduce the Q-THREAT Framework, a novel temporal risk assessment model that quantifies the "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" threat across different data confidentiality lifetimes and sectoral exposures. This research synthesizes and categorizes recently documented attack vectors including quantum Rowhammer exploits, timing-based side-channel vulnerabilities in cloud quantum services, and multi-tenant quantum system intrusions. Recent research demonstrates that current quantum cloud platforms from major providers including IBM, Rigetti, and others exhibit significant security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by adversaries to compromise computational integrity, extract sensitive circuit information, and disrupt quantum computations. Furthermore, we analyze the convergence of quantum computing and artificial intelligence as a force multiplier for offensive cyber operations. We present evidence that quantum machine learning algorithms can demonstrate competitive or superior performance in certain cybersecurity applications compared to classical approaches in controlled experimental settings, with recent studies reporting high accuracies in tasks such as malware detection and intrusion detection on benchmark datasets. Our analysis of nation-state quantum programs reveals an accelerating global quantum arms race with significant implications for national security. Based on our findings, we propose a comprehensive defensive framework incorporating post-quantum cryptographic standards, crypto-agility principles, and quantum-safe architectural patterns. This research contributes to the nascent field of quantum cybersecurity by establishing foundational threat models, identifying critical research gaps, and providing actionable recommendations for organizations preparing for the quantum era.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comprehensive Simulation and Analysis of Quantum Squeezing and Entanglement Using Classical Coupled LC Circuits

Authors: Boubacar Diawara
Comments: 62 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) Copyright © 2026 by the author(s), all rights reserved.

This study investigates the deep analogies between quantum squeezing and entanglement phenomena and their classical counterparts realized in coupled LC oscillator circuits. By constructing comprehensive MATLAB and Python simulation frameworks, we model strongly coupled classical oscillators, compute covariance matrices, and quantify information transfer using correlation and variance-basedmetrics inspired by quantum information theory. Extensive parameter sweeps reveal that classical LC circuits can reproduce key mathematical structures associated with quantum squeezing, including variance reduction exceeding 15 dB and correlation coefficients above 0.99 in the strong-coupling regime. Beyond numerical modeling, experimental implementations of coupled LC circuits are performed and compared with simulations, showing excellent agreement with discrepancies below 5 Motivated by advances in microwave quantum engineering—where artificial atoms, superconducting circuits, and resonators enable ultra-strong light—matter coupling—this work explores whether classical circuits can provide insight beyondformal mathematical analogies. While classical LC systems do not reproduce intrinsic quantum randomness, superposition, or nonlocality, they successfully capture structural and dynamical features central to quantum squeezing and correlated states. By bridging quantum information theory and classical circuit analysis, this research offers a scalable, low-cost experimental testbed for education, prototyping, and conceptual exploration of quantum phenomena. The findings highlight the potential of classical oscillator networks as meaningful simulators for macroscopicmanifestations of quantum-inspired effects relevant to precision measurement, communication, and emerging cybersecurity technologies.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Kramers-Wigner Theorem: Time-Reversal Invariance, Antiunitary Operators, and Degeneracy in Fermionic Systems

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 25 Pages.

This monograph provides a systematic treatment of Kramers degeneracy, investigating its deep-rooted origins within the framework of space-time symmetries in quantum mechanics. The investigation focuses on the nature of the time-reversal operator, exploring the mathematical peculiarities associated with antiunitary transformations and their fundamental distinction fromconventional unitary symmetries.
Category: Quantum Physics

De Broglie’s Internal Clock of Electrons in Hydrogen Atoms as Cause of the Quantization of Orbital Angular Momentum

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

De Broglie showed that a hypothetical internal clock of electrons could cause the quantization of energy levels of closed electronic orbits in the Bohr model of hydrogen-like atoms. Inspired by this insight, this work presents a model for the quantization of orbital angular momentum of electronic Bohr-Sommerfeld orbits with apsidal precession. The predictive power of the presented model is very limited since a parameter of the model is calculated based on a previously published quantization of the electron's orbital angular momentum.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Geometric Origin of Lepton Generations: Deriving the Mass Spectrum from a Quantized Berry Phase

Authors: Dmitry Makaryev
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Standard Model of particle physics provides no mechanism to predict the hierarchical masses of charged leptons (e, μ, τ ), treating them as arbitrary free parameters. Here, we present a unified topological theory where leptongenerations emerge as discrete phase states of a single soliton in a superfluid vacuum. By imposing a Virial Equilibrium condition (θ = π/4) and a quantized Berry phase (δ = 2/9), we derive the complete mass spectrum analytically. Using only the electron mass as a physical input, our model predicts the Muon mass (105.659 MeV) and Tau mass (1776.985 MeV) with a precision of < 0.01%. Furthermore, the model predicts a fourth mass eigenstate at ∼ 29.9 GeV. Analysis of CMS collider data confirms the absence of a stable particle in this region, validating our hypothesis that the fourth generation is unbound and tunnels into the vacuum continuum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Amplitude Estimation for Expected Loss Computation under a Discretized Latent-Factor Model

Authors: Arghya Ghosh
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a quantum algorithm for estimating the expected loss of a credit portfolio driven by a latent risk factor. The method discretizes a continuous latent variable, encodes its probability distribution into quantum amplitudes, embeds the loss function via controlled rotations on an ancilla qubit, and applies Grover-style amplitude amplification. The resulting state admits a two-subspace decomposition enabling estimation of the expected loss using Quantum Amplitude Estimation (QAE) or a maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) based on Grover power measurements. The approach achieves a quadratic speedup over classical Monte Carlo methods.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nature of Fundamental Constants

Authors: Viktor Victorovich Oleksenko
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

This paper presents the final decoding of the physical essence of electric charge, current, and electromagnetic vacuum constants. Based on the "Nolekson Gas Model" and the physical number πvphys introduced by the author in 2010 [1], the redundancy of SI dimensions is proved. It is established that the foundations, including the term "Nolekson", the derivation of πvphys, and the mass calculation of the Nolekson particle, originated in the 2010 work [1]. A key step is the transition to the kinematic dimension of mass as area [L^2] [3]. It is proven that electrodynamics is a special case of quantum gas dynamics, where charge corresponds to volumetric flow [L^3/T] and current to volumetric acceleration or mechanical force [L^3/T^2].
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Role of Measurement Events in Non-Equilibrium State Formation

Authors: Cesar Roberto Arellanes Gonzalez
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper examines the hypothesis that measurement events function as generative operations rather than passive observational processes in the formation of observable states. Preliminary theoretical analysis suggests measurement interactions may constitute the fundamental mechanism by which potential states transition to actualized configurations across quantum and relativistic regimes.Initial exploration indicates similar generative dynamics may operate in information processing systems, thermodynamic state transitions, chemical reaction pathways, neural signal propagation, developmental gene expression, evolutionary selection events, market transaction execution, material phase boundaries, computational proof verification, and distributed consensus protocols. The commonality appears to lie in the discrete, event-based character of state actualization rather than continuous revelation of pre-existing conditions. The present hypothesis is intended as a unifying statement regarding the ontological role of discrete interaction events in state realization, independent of domain-specific implementations.This work presents the foundational hypothesis without detailed mathematical formalism. The author proposes that action -understood operationally through measurement interaction -serves as a cross-domain generative principle. Specific mechanistic treatments and quantitative predictions will be addressed in subsequent publications.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interpretation of Physics Related with Light

Authors: Chan Bock Lee
Comments: 11 Pages.

Ampere-Maxwell equation can predict the speed of light by assuming light as a traveling wave. However, it can not predict such characteristics as light generation, moving in a specific direction as a particle and dependence of wavelength upon its energy. Therefore, it needs to be noted that Ampere-Maxwell equation is very limited in predicting characteristics of light. While physics law should be applied to all the inertial frames, co-variance that mathematical form of the equation describing the physics law is same in all the inertial frames is not essential requirement to be physics law. Therefore, Lorentz transformation to result in both the co-variance of Ampere-Maxwell equation for light and the constant velocity of light in all the inertial frames is not the essential requirement. Considering light as a discrete particle with wave characteristics inside, analysis of double slit experiment indicates that travel direction of each photon after slit would be decided at the slit by interaction of incident photon with the slit including its materials and geometry to result in the interference pattern at the screen. There is no direct evidence of occurrence of superposition of photon in the slit and interference of the photon at the screen to result in the interference pattern. If there is no superposition of photon, quantum mechanics and entanglement of photon related with photon superposition need to be updated.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Duality of Quantum Particles and the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lozko Georgiev, Daniel Georgiev
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Background mark should not be used) 1 figure, in Bulgarian.

In this paper, we will examine experiments to prove that the light, the photons most commonly referred to by the abbreviation Electromagnetic Waves (EMW), are in fact completely electro and magnetic neutrals. As we will prove that EMW do not interact with the real Coulomb and magnetic fields. Accordingly, electro and magnetic effects, that we observe and measure, as is the case with the cells of Pockels, Kerr or so considered liquid crystals. Actually are a consequence of secondary effect, of the substance intermediary through which pass EMW on which substance magnetic and Coulomb fields are influenced.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sleep as Suspension of Localization

Authors: Jaba Tkemaladze
Comments: 28 Pages.

Consciousness is fundamentally a process of selection, a continuous "collapse" from a manifold of potential states into a singular, coherent narrative. This article introduces the Ze formalism, a theoretical framework that models this process through a cognitive localization parameter, Γ_Ze. We posit that the critical distinction between wakefulness and sleep is not the presence of consciousness, but the suspension of this localization mechanism. During wakefulness ( Γ_Ze ≫ 1 ), the cognitive system enforces rapid, frequent collapse, yielding a stable, logical stream of thought. Sleep (Γ_Ze → 0), conversely, is a physiologically controlled state of suspended localization, where the brain acts as a "quantum eraser" for cognitive "which-path" information. This allows for the maintenance of coherent superpositions of memory and meaning, with dream phenomenology arising from the resulting interference patterns. The model provides a unifying lens for altered states: it frames psychedelics as conscious Γ_Zereduction, general anesthesia as its artificial nullification, and psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia as its pathological dysregulation. We argue that sleep’s primary function is the offline recalibration of cognitive probability amplitudes c_i, facilitating memory integration, emotional regulation, and creative insight. The Ze formalism thus redefines sleep from a passive state of rest to an active, essential operation for maintaining cognitive flexibility and the integrity of waking consciousness.
Category: Quantum Physics

Phase Transition Theory and Mechanism of High-Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Taiwei Song
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper is re uploaded. The previously published version has been withdrawn due to errors. Belonging to the author's original theory.

In this paper, the author redefines the concept of phase transition in a more general sense, provides an accurate characterization method, and derives the phase transition equation and phase transition temperature formula. On this basis, the essential properties of superconducting phase transition areanalyzed, and the general superconducting phase transition equation is derived. The author argues that the superconducting phase transition of high-temperature superconducting materials,including cuprates, iron-based, nickel-based superconductors, and high-pressure hydrogen-richsuperconductors, still follows the conductive electron pairing mechanism. The key to the highsuperconducting temperature lies in the stronger space-time correlation between conductiveelectrons in low-dimensional structures. Based on the geometry of space-time structures, theauthor defines a more general space-time correlation formula between particles, reveals the logical relationship that the correlation between conductive electrons decreases geometrically with increasing dimensions from the most general conditions, provides relevant formulas, and further analyzes the intrinsic mechanism of the high superconducting phase transition temperature，and proposes the process of developing new high temperature superconductor.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Electron as a Wave Band: de Broglie Wave Phase Resonance as a Geometric Interpretation of Energy Quantization in the Hydrogen Atom.

Authors: Marek Suder
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents a geometric and wave interpretation of energy quantization in the hydrogen atom, based on the de Broglie closure condition of the electron wave in a circular orbit. In this concept, energy quantization is a secondary phenomenon resulting from the fact that the electron wave in each orbit consists of exactly n full periods, and the transition to level n+1 corresponds to the addition of one full period.Combining the wave condition with the classical equilibrium of the Coulomb and centripetal forces leads to values of the orbital radii and a discrete energy spectrum consistent with solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom. It is shown that energy quantization can be interpreted as a consequence of the resonant nature of the electron's wave nature and the conditionof phase uniqueness after a complete orbit around the nucleus.1The model under consideration is semiclassical in nature and serves as an intuitive representation of known results from quantum mechanics. It is assumed that the allowable states correspond to configurations in which the de Broglie wave forms a standing wave containing an integer number of full periods around the orbital circumference. This condition leads directly to the quantization of angular momentum according to the Bohr model.The waveband model provides a one-dimensional analogy of the full quantum description and can serve as a teaching tool to facilitate understanding the geometric aspects of energy quantization in the hydrogen atom. It demonstrates that energy quantization is a natural consequence of the standing wave geometry and the addition of successive full periods along the orbit as the system transitions to the next energy eigenstate after activation.The electron is a stable eigenstate of a quantum field whose behavior in bound systems can be geometrically interpreted as the self-resonance of a de Broglie wave satisfying the condition of single-valent phase, rather than as a local particle with a classical trajectory. Self-resonance of a wavemeans that the condition of single-valent phase of the wave function after a complete orbit around the nucleus is satisfied, i.e., the requirement that the phase change be an integer multiple of 2π; this is equivalent to the Bohr—de Broglie condition for the closure of the de Broglie wave.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spatial Cell Theory: The Spatial Origin of Quantum Phenomena and a Unified Account of Randomness, Entanglement, Dark Energy, and More

Authors: Haihong Xie
Comments: 32 Pages.

This study proposes a new ontological perspective for quantum mechanics: phenomena such as quantum wave-like behavior, randomness, and electron clouds may not be intrinsic properties of particles but originate from the structure of space itself. This perspective is founded on a re-examination of the formation mechanisms of electron orbitals and clouds. We particularly elucidate the origin of the "point-like randomness" exhibited by quantum entities, revealing that it is not an inherent property but stems from the dualistic structure of space and the inherent limitations of current observational technology.This dualistic structure of space manifests as "Open Dimensions" and "Closed Dimensions." Present technology can only detect phenomena on the "Open Dimensions." When a quantum entity possesses low kinetic energy, it primarily moves within the "Closed Dimensions," becoming instantaneously detectable only when passing through an intersection point between the two dimensions; the statistical distribution of a vast number of such instantaneous events manifests as the electron cloud.Based on this dualistic structure, the paper further deduces the fundamental unit of space—the "spatial cell"—and thereby constructs the "Spatial Cell Theory." The theory posits that space is woven from discrete "spatial cells." Each cell contains two functionally distinct dimensions: the "Open Dimensions" serve as connecting channels, linking cells to transmit matter, energy, light, and more; the "Closed Dimensions" do not participate in intercellular connections and serve as the primary arena for the motion of quantum entities with low kinetic energy. Within this framework, a wide range of physical phenomena—including the superluminal correlations of quantum entanglement, dark energy, dark matter, double-slit interference, quasars, and the microscopic dynamics of gravity—can be explained within a unified mechanistic framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum-Enhanced Machine Learning Models for Pricing Climate-Linked Financial Derivatives in Emerging Markets

Authors: Christ Abnoosian
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Climate change exacerbates financial uncertainties in emerging markets, where economies are particularly vulnerable to environmental disruptions like droughts, floods, and extreme weather events. Traditional models for pricing climate-linked derivatives, such as catastrophe (CAT) bonds and weather-indexed insurance, often fail to capture the non-linear, high-dimensional nature of climate risks. This paper proposes a quantum-enhanced machine learning (QEML) framework integrating Quantum Amplitude Estimation (QAE), Variational Quantum Eigensolvers (VQE), and Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM) with classical techniques like Gaussian Process Regression and deep neural networks. Evaluations on datasets from Brazil, India, and South Africa show up to 35% improved pricing accuracy and 60% faster computation versus classical methods. This approach advances sustainable finance in climate-vulnerable regions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Constituent Quarks of the First Generation

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required!)

In this paper, we calculate the masses of the proton and the neutron from the masses of the bare up and down quarks.
Category: Quantum Physics

Looking Back at Quantum Mechanics via the Quantity Momentum

Authors: Hai-Jun Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

By analyzing the historical treatments of quantity momentum in different models, we revisit certain fundamental problems in quantum mechanics, e.g. how to understand quantum interference and quantum scattering. Logically, by taking over the physical picture of dressing cloud surrounding hadrons and applying it to the electromagnetic field dressed by charged particles, we find a deeper understanding of the microscopic property of electromagnetic field. It implies that the amplitude of momentum could be closely related to the oscillation of electromagnetic field dressed by charged particle. Consequently the definition of canonical momentum turns out to be interaction dependent.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Refutation of Bell's Theorem

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

Bell’s theorem states that no classical theory, based on local hidden variables, can fully describe the predictions of quantum mechanics. In other words: quantum mechanics is not compatible with local hidden variable theories. This theorem is wrong. That has been demonstrated by the results of previous papers, showing the exact mechanism in Bell experiments and how that mechanism comes about. In those papers correlations in experiments are exactly explained classically. They also describe what is needed for that explanation. In this paper the results are proven by simple goniometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Experimentally Appearing Inconsistency with Hidden Variable Theories in Quantum Optical Phenomena

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 21 Pages.

We investigate the significant striking aspect of the most basic two quantum observables: (1) an observable that is obtained though a single projection operator and (2) an observable that is obtained though a single identity operator. Kochen and Specker show that some value assignment to elements of a set of projection operators and the identity operator should fail. Now, we greatly simplify the Kochen--Specker theorem. Our simplified version says that we cannot assign a preexistence value as $+1$ to both quantum operators (the projection operator and the identity operator)even though the assignment is independent from each other. And finally, we are able to use the weak assumption (the identity operator possesses a preexistence value as $+1$) instead of the strong assumption (the existence of the weak hidden variable theory) in order to verify the Kochen--Specker theorem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Diminishing Measurement Overhead in Quantum State Tomography with Quantum Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Study

Authors: Bhaumik Tyagi, Nazam Arora
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A pivotal method in the field of quantum information processing (QIP) is quantum state tomography (QST), which is mostly used to reconstruct previously unidentified quantum states. However, traditional QST approaches have serious drawbacks due to the enormous number of measurements they require, making them impractical for studying large-scale quantum systems. To address this issue, a new approach is presented by combining Quantum Machine Learning (QML) methods to improve the effectiveness of QST. This work conducts a thorough investigation of various QST techniques, including both classical and quantum approaches. Various QML techniques for QST are used, demonstrating their effectiveness in a variety of simulated and experimental quantum systems, including complex multi-qubit networks. The results of this research support the outstanding prospect of QML-based QST method in achieving very high fidelity levels while drastically reducing the number of measurements needed in comparison to conventional methods. This innovative method has great potential for real-world applications in the field of quantum information processing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Criticizing Feynman's Path Integrals

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 10 Pages.

I present an argument that shows that in general Feynman's path integrals are not equivalent with Schrodinger equations, and conclude that Feynman's path integrals are not a serious formulation of Quantum Mechanics. The path integral formulation appears to be equivalent with Schrodinger equation only in the special case where the Lagrangian depends on the velocity via a quadratic term.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Quantization of a Scalar Gravity Field with Feynman's Path Integral Quantization Method

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 19 Pages.

Quantization of a scalar field is a standard text book example of Feynman's path integral quantization. As my findings on the Relativity Theory show that gravitation must be a scalar field, not a tensor field, it is natural to try this quantization method on Nordstrom's and Newton's scalar gravity. It turns out that Feynman's method has many serious errors. The reader doubting it may check the first error very easily. A literature result in equation (11) claimsto give a Green function G(x,x') to the Klein-Gordon operator Box+m^2. If so, (Box+m^2)G=delta(x-x') and if (Box+m^2)y(x)=h(x), then y=int dx' h(x)G(x,x')dx.We see that when integrating over x' the delta peak picks up the value of h(x) becausedelta(x-x') id not 0 in a single point x'=0. But in (11) there is a delta peak delta(x^2)where x^2=|t-t'|^2-|x-x'|^2 is not zero in a single point, it is zero ina subspace. Other errors in Feynman's method are equally clear and real errors. As expected, quantizing gravitation by this method in Section 6 of this article produces a result thatdoes not look correct.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Modification of the Aspect Experiment Scheme with Entangled Photons to Eliminate "Superluminal Loopholes"

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article proposes a modification of the Aspect experiment to test the hypothesis ofnonlocality that can be described by Lorentz-invariant equations with derivatives of infiniteorder. Such a hypothesis can resolve the apparent retrocausality paradox in quantum eraser experiments with delayed choice. A scheme for modifying the Aspect experiment is proposed,which will yield separable quantitative results regardless of the validity of the proposed hypothesis. The proposed modification consists not only in eliminating the locality loophole byswitching the paths of entangled photons to polarizers at different angles but also in physically interrupting the photon paths (blocking) after their separation. Moreover, this interruption should be performed before switching the paths to other polarizers. For such photons, if the hypothesis is valid, a violation of the CHSH inequality is expected
Category: Quantum Physics

Three [ Plausibe] Errors in Quantum Physics [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use scholarly/modest title and language - Future non-compliant submissions and/or replacements will be rejected)

The article shows that the basic concepts of quantum physics have three major errors that are fatal to the whole theory. The first error is that in Planck's relation $E_n=nhu$ oscillators have only one energy level $E=hu$, the article explains how it arises, while the higher energy levels $nhu$ must be understood as runs of $n$ wavelengths of an oscillator. The second error is in Einstein's relation$E=pc$, in de Broglie's wavelength $lambda=h/p$ and in the concept of particle-wavedualism. The error is that $p$ in $E=pc$ is not the momentum of a photon and $p=Ev$ from de Broglie's wavelength $p=h/lambda$ and Planck's relation $E=hu$ is not the momentum of an oscillator. In both cases the correct formula is $p=mv_p$ where $v_p$ is the propagation speed of a matter wave. This error implies that particle-wave dualism is false. The third error is in the substitutions in the Schr"odinger equation. The substitution of momentum is in error because it confuses the momentum of an oscillator with the momentum in de Broglie's wavelength formula. The substitution of energy is incorrect becauseoscillators do not have several energy levels. As a result of the third error it is incorrect to make a Fourier transform from the momentum coordinates to spatial coordinates, which means that a basic method in the quantum field theory fails.
Category: Quantum Physics

Apparent Momentum in Compton Scattering

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages.

Compton scattering seemingly verifies the relativistic kinetic energy formula, but the article shows that this is not the case. The relativistic kinetic energy formula can be refuted in several ways, several of these ways are described in the text. The articleexplains how Compton scattering can be understood in the context of apparent mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Foundations, Quantum Gravity, and Origin of Inertia: A Definitive New Realist Framework

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 82 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This volume presents a comprehensive realist framework encompassing quantum foundations, quantum gravity, and the origin of inertia (Mach's Principle). It develops and builds upon a quantum ontology consisting of two fundamental ontic entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.Quantum theory is rebuilt from the ground up, and the development then proceeds to quantum gravity, which is solved surprisingly easily once a good quantum foundations solution is in hand. It is solved not in the Planck regime, but in the testable regime of classical general relativity. The two great theories are intermeshed, and proposed testable solutions for the dark matter conundrum and origin of inertia are set forth. Both depend on non-local gravitational sourcing via P-state. The overall result is a robust architectural foundation for a (still elusive) Theory of Everything.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spinning Electrons on Pendulum-Paths in Hydrogen Atoms

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 9 Pages.

While electronic orbitals with zero orbital angular momentum are a standard feature of modern quantum mechanics, the corresponding linear electron paths with zero orbital angular momentum ("pendulum-paths") were explicitly excluded in the "old quantum theory" because of concerns that an electron on such paths would collide with the atom's nucleus. More recently, some researchers hypothesized that models of spinning electrons allow for electrons on pendulum-paths without collisions with the nucleus. In the present work, the scenario of a spinning electron in a hydrogen atom on a pendulum-path was numerically simulated using the bi-level electron model. The resulting trajectories were evaluated by comparing time-averaged powers of the distance between electron and proton with corresponding time-averaged values in an improved variant of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model as well as with quantum mechanical expectation values. The numerical results for a spinning electron were in better agreement with quantum mechanical expectation values than the results for the improved Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalized Scattering Opera-Tor Preserving Hermiticity, Unitarity, Causality and Con-Vergence: Scattering Matrix Without Infinity

Authors: Chol Jong
Comments: 12 Pages.

We derive an alternative time-evolution operator for the Heisenberg picture in five rigorous ways with different starting points to confirm its validity and generality.This time-evolution operator called the generalized time-evolution operator is an analytical scattering operator that is obtained in a nonperturbative way unlike the Dyson series based on a perturbative approximation.We verify that the obtained scattering operator thoroughly preserves the Hermiticity, unitarity, causality of the scattering operator which are the basic requirements for the consistent scattering operator.It is analyzed that the Dyson series does not guarantee the Hermiticity, unitarity, causality of the scattering operator, and thus is not consistent.It is demonstrated that our formulation based on the generalized time-evolution operator does not need the Feynman diagram and renormalization and therefore there does not exist the infinity problem within the framework of the theory that we constructed.Ultimately, it is shown that the new formulation enables us to construct a consistent scattering theory which, beyond the infinity problem, satisfies all necessary requirements for the scattering operator.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Physical Nature of the Diffusion Laser Cooling Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The physical nature of the phenomenon of diffusion laser cooling is discussed. In particular, the dependence of the cooling efficiency of atoms on the tuning of laser radiation to the "red" or "blue" side on the frequency of the optical transition is discussed. It is again proposed to conduct simple experiments to verify the presented physical explanation.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Detection of Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures, 2 diagrams (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Basically detection of direction is a comparison of a direction with a known or a defined direction. A known direction is a direction in a reference frame and a defined direction is a direction in a coordinate system. In this paper the difference between a coordinate system and a reference frame is explained. Directions are defined by coordinate systems, but they are detected by reference frames. This has important implications for the detection of the spin direction of entangled particles, for the interpretation of entanglement and finally for the realisation of quantum computers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Elementary Energy Excitation of Correlated Electrons and Mechanism of Tunnel Effect

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present an alternative explanation of the mechanism of tunneling from both quantum and statistical perspective that tunneling is related to the existence of ensemble of entangled and correlated electrons.The purpose of our work is to elucidate the true mechanism of tunneling consistent with quantum theory and energy conservation.We explain the quantum nature of tunneling on the basis of the exchange-correlation interaction of entangled electrons around the barrier and the quantum current resonance in the barrier.Our approach enables a satisfactory explanation of the quantum aspects of tunneling relative to the barrier height and width, keeping the energy conservation.It is explained that tunneling has the statistical aspect, since there exist electrons able to overcome the barrier thanks to the elementary energy excitation of the Fermi liquid that is formed as a result of the exchange-correlation interaction between correlated electrons.Our approach satisfies both the principle of energy conservation and fundamentals of quantum mechanics.Eventually, we provide a consistent and general explanation of the mechanism and characteristics of tunneling that is essentially a quantum and statistical hybrid phenomenon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Energy Path Theory

Authors: Ahmet Dinç
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Energy Path Theory proposes that mass is not a fundamental property but emerges from the centripetal force produced when a photon is confined into a helical energy path. A photon folding onto itself forms two opposite-phase helices corresponding to the electron and positron. The required centripetal force—generated by the vacuum electric field—stabilizes the helical motion and defines the particle’s effective mass. This geometric mechanism naturally explains spin-½, the electron’s nonzero minimum motion, Lorentz behavior, and the mass hierarchy of leptons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics as Real Geometry: Curvature, Torsion, and Holonomy

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: 15 Pages. (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17699147 (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

While the complex formalism of quantum mechanics has been extraordinarily successful, the fundamental geometric origin of its core elements—the imaginary unit, operator non-commutativity, quantum phase, and the intrinsic geometry with quantum spin—has remained unresolved for more than a century.Here we resolve these foundational questions by deriving an exact and physically equivalent formulation of the Schroedinger equation as a Real Geometric Flow—a moving-frame evolution on a 2��-dimensional real state space.In this restored framework, the global imaginary unit �� fully decomposes into a set of local skew-symmetric generators that drive planar rotations in real space, revealing that the traditional complex formalism is a compressed representation of an intrinsicrotational geometry.Within the real geometric flow, energy eigenvalues appear as the Curvatures of the state trajectory, energy gaps correspond to Torsions that couple internal planes—naturally generating the geometry of quantum spin—and quantum phase emergesnaturally as the Holonomy of the real moving frame.This formulation preserves the full empirical content of quantum mechanics while exposing the geometric mechanisms hidden beneath its notation, providing the first coherent explanation of curvature, torsion, non-commutativity, spin behavior, andquantum phase within a single framework.By demonstrating that the algebraic postulates of quantum mechanics arise from a deeper geometric order—one that stands alongside curvature-based theories such as General Relativity—this work establishes a unified differential-geometric foundation forquantum dynamics.It opens new directions for quantum control, quantum information, and fundamental physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Zero Angular Momentum in the First Bohr Orbit?

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

In classical mechanics, the first Bohr orbit has angular momentum 1(ℏ) but ‘0’ angular momentum in quantum mechanics. The geometric/logical reason for this is that a single DeBroglie wavelength (amplitude) when squared has only two possible places for an electron to be. The number of places must be more than two to determine angular momentum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics - Ontology Meets Epistemology

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

At issue: the nature of reality (ontology) and the pursuit of knowledge (epistemology). At quantum scale, ontology meets epistemology. What is proposed in this paper is an alternative interpretation of quantum behavior.A starting point different than the historical demystify certainconcepts in QM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Green Function in the Constant Magnetic Field

Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. Original article

We derive the propagator of the spin 1/2 particle in a constant external magnetic field using the specic mathematical techniques by Schwinger, Wu yang Tsai and others.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Imaginary Is Real: The Geometric Foundation of Physics

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: Pages.

The imaginary unit i has long been regarded as a formal artifact—mathematically convenient yet physically void.Here we demonstrate that i is not merely a symbol, but a real geometric entity—the generator of rotation in space, denoted by J. This recognition unifies algebra, geometry, and physics, resolving long-standing inconsistencies in quantum mechanics and revealing the geometric foundation of relativity.Crucially, J defines an experimentally accessible boundary condition—the measurable orientation of rotation or phase holonomy—that the symbolic i alone cannot, transforming the discussion from philosophical speculation to physical verification. The imaginary is not imaginary—it is the signature of geometric order itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantization of Free Electromagnetic field Without Infinity in Terms of finite Series or Integral in finite Interval

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Coauthor's name should be listed in the article)

We present a new approach to the quantization offree electromagnetic fields without the infinity problem. Our work shows that from the physical viewpoint, the energy of a free electromagnetic field in a finite volume should be represented necessarily by a finite series, since fields consist of a finite number of photon. From the mathematical viewpoint, it is explained that the quantization of electromagnetic field reduces the infinite Fourier series to a finite series andpreserve the relativistic invariance. It is demonstrated that the cut-off of series for the energy of photons is uniquely and objectively determined based on the assumption aboutphoton. Based on this perspective, the interaction between free electromagnetic field and matter is described in terms of an integral in a finite interval which does not comprisezero and infinity. Our methodology always gives finite results and thus does not need renormalization. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that it is possible to construct a new quantization theory of electromagnetic field without infinity and renormalization thereof.
Category: Quantum Physics

Virtual CarrierParticle Quantumnization and Unified Phenomena: From Quantum to Cosmic

Authors: Min Min Oo
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a new physical theory that unifies natural phenomena from the quantum scale to the cosmic scale based on the exchange of virtual carrier particles. By transcending classical methods and Einstein’s general relativity, the theory establishes a unified principle grounded in velocity-dependent deflection angles and the interaction frequency of energy particles. This framework enables verifiable and comparable interpretations of observable phenomena across all scales of nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Nature of Gravity and Quants

Authors: Reinhard Kronberger
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper i will show a extended picture of the nature of gravity.I will show that curvature of spacetime is only one side of the medal.The floating of spacetime is the other side.Furthermore i will show that quants can be described by finit group theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin-Mediated Consciousness: Theory, Experimental Studies, Further Development & Related Topics

Authors: Huping Hu, Maoxin Wu
Comments: 92 Pages. There is an independent AI commentary at https://youtu.be/KpEznX8BcWM?si=ZiCKml5gHU5zaEko

We postulate that consciousness is intrinsically connected to quantum spin since the latter is the origin of quantum effects in both Bohm and Hestenes quantum formulisms and a fundamental quantum process associated with the structure of space-time. Applying these ideas to the particular structures and dynamics of the brain, we have developed a detailed model of quantum consciousness. We have also carried out experiments from the perspective of our theory to test the possibility of quantum-entangling the quantum entities inside the brain with those of an external chemical substance. We found that applying magnetic pulses to the brain when an anaesthetic was placed in between caused the brain to feel the effect of said anaesthetic as if the test subject had actually inhaled the same. We further found that drinking water exposed to magnetic pulses, laser light or microwave when an anaesthetic was placed in between also causes brain effects in various degrees. Additional experiments indicate that the said brain effect is indeed the consequence of quantum entanglement. Recently we have studied non-local effects in simple physics systems. We have found that the pH value, temperature and gravity of a liquid in the detecting reservoirs can be non-locally affected through manipulating another liquid in a remote reservoir quantum-entangled with the former. In particular, the pH value changes in the same direction as that being manipulated; the temperature can change against that of local environment; and the gravity can change against local gravity. We suggest that they are mediated by quantum entanglement between nuclear and/or electron spins in treated liquid and discuss the profound implications of these results. This paper now also includes materials on further development of the theory and related topics.

(Note: This preprint is a repost of arXiv:quant-ph/0208068v5 posted in 2007 at https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208068)
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Schrodinger Equation with a Scalar Potential

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 35 Pages.

We discover that it is possible to write a Schrodinger equation for a relativistic point particle experiencing a scalar potential, and that if the potential is weak, the equation can be approximated with a series. We find a paradox that according to the equation the effect from the potential is non-local.
Category: Quantum Physics

Event-Driven Simulation of Frustrated Interference with a Local Model.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 7 pages + source code

The paper presents a local event-driven simulation method of an interference experiment that generates a violation of Bell's inequality while demonstrating the absence of quantum entanglement. It describes a mechanism based on the assumption of non-interacting states of light (or 'dark states') and the modulation of these states by interference when photon wave packets overlap. The simulation shows that this mechanism can produce non-classical visibility, cosine coincidences, and a CHSH violation consistent with experimental results.
Category: Quantum Physics

Disorder-Free 2D Floquet Time Crystal with Imaginary Spiral Twist: 5000-Period Simulation and 1M-Gate Validation on IBM Sherbrooke

Authors: Cinque McFarlane-Blake
Comments: 5 Pages. Zenodo DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15108309 (full source code, Qiskit circuits)

I report a disorder-free 2D Floquet discrete time crystal (DTC) with no error correction, in a 30×30 spin lattice, simulated using a mean-field approximation in a product state space, achieving fidelities of 0.997971 at 500 periods and 0.995741 at 5000 periods with θ_max = π/512 in an optimized run (J = 1.0, ω = 126). A 9-qubit demonstration on IBM Sherbrooke sustains F ≈ 0.305 ± 0.018 over 50 periods on 4/9 qubits (initialized to |1⟩), with a subharmonic FFT peak confirming period-doubling. From a Néel state under h(t) = h_0 + h_1 cos(ω t/2 + π/4) + h_{1,fb}, with feedback-tuned h_1 (base 0.568, sx_gain = 1900) and J = 1.0, period doubling persists to 5000T in simulation and 50T on hardware. A spiral twist (i J sin(θ_ij) σ^z_i σ^z_j) stabilizes the phase, yielding real ⟨H_zz⟩ (e.g., -0.109302 at 5000T). Fidelities surpass prior clean DTCs (~0.8—0.9 at 100T [Zhang2017], ~0.998 at 50T in 57 ions [Frey2022], ~0.99 at 100T in 10 ions [Kyprianidis2021]), enabling isotope separation (e.g., ^{40}Ca^+/^{44}Ca^+, C-13, N-15) at low frequencies (~20 Hz). Stabilizers are low (~0.001111 at 500T, ~0.000751738 at 1090T), suggesting integrable dynamics without many-body localization (MBL), contrasting with MBL DTCs (~0.9 [Khemani], [Harper]).
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Modification of the Quantum Eraser Experiment, the Results of Which May Disprove the Absoluteness of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics.

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the hypothesis that the quantum "measurement" of polarizations in a quantum eraser experiment occurs at the moment the entangled pair is created. According to this hypothesis, introducing a polarizer into the path of one photon at a later time will not affect the polarization of the second photon. The consequences of this hypothesis differ from those of quantum mechanics, where the key element is the measurement process that occurs when a photon passes through a polarizer. Such "absurd" assumptions are typically dismissed outright as violations of Special Relativity (SR), although experiments on nonlocality may be precisely the domain where SR violations occur. To test this hypothesis, a modified quantum eraser experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Law of Quantum Mechanics and the Imaginary Unit

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: 5 Pages.

Mathematically, the imaginary unit i has long been regarded as an algebraic generator extending the real numbers to the complex field.Yet a century after the birth of quantum mechanics (1925—2025), the answer to its oldest question is now clear: quantum mechanics is not merely a mathematical structure—it is a physical reality, and all quantities appearing in its non-commutative relations are physical.Therefore, i is not a mere algebraic extension but the universal operator demanded by the geometric completeness of non-commutative reality between position and momentum.The imaginary unit is a physical reality.The canonical relation [x, p] = i hbar is not merely algebraic—it is a geometric law, showing that the complex structure of quantum mechanics arises inevitably from physical reality itself.It stands without contradiction, without complexity. This is nature.In the (x, p) plane, i represents a 90 degree rotation and hbar quantizes the curvature of that rotation.Complex numbers thus arise as the natural geometric language of non-commutative physics, providing a geometric resolution to the century-old question of physical completeness first raised by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935).
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Wave Probability Derive Thermodynamic Distribution

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

Using the concept of quantum wave probability, combined with the identity principle, we can derive the Boltzmann distribution, Fermi distribution, and Bose distribution. Different distributions correspond to different conditions. The Boltzmann condition corresponds to the Boltzmann distribution. The Fermi condition corresponds to the Fermi distribution. The Bose condition corresponds to the Bose distribution. This demonstrates that the foundation of these three statistical distributions is quantum wave probability, all originating from quantum mechanics. The Boltzmann distribution is also an independent quantum distribution and is not simply a sparse limit of the Fermi or Bose distributions. The essence of the Boltzmann distribution is a uniform distribution. The Fermi and Bose distributions are deviations from the uniform distribution. Particles that follow the Boltzmann distribution can be called Boltzmannons. Boltzmann entropy based on the quantum wave probability can resolve the Gibbs paradox. We need to rethink the fundamentals of statistical mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Giving Quantum Mechanics Wings of 'force'

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 16 Pages.

There have been no reports on the operators of force and the equations of wave mechanics containing force, as well as the representation of Newton's second law and the law of conservation of momentum using wave mechanics methods. It is necessary to explore the method of describing the action of force using wave mechanics. By carefully analyzing the composition, structure, and function of the Schrödinger equation (SC), it was found that it is a product of the organic combination of classical mechanical laws and wave functions. Starting from F=ma, SC can be derived. F=ma can be precipitated from SC. The operators for physical quantities, such as mass, force, potential energy, etc., can be derived from SC. The wave equation with force has also been established. The law of conservation of momentum, Newton's second law, and Viry's theorem can also be expressed by the wave equation. According to SC, it can also be demonstrated the quantitative relationship between the wave and particle properties of moving particles. Through the experiment of "magnetic field and light interfering with electron diffraction", it can also be observed that moving particles undergo diffraction while complying with Newton's second law. The conclusion is that "quantum" and "classical" can be combined: quantum mechanics allows classical mechanics to be compatible with itself and can describe forces in the microscopic world.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Emergence of Reality: A Path Integral Interpretation of the Many Unreal Worlds

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The standard interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly the Copenhagen and Many-Worlds (MWI) views, fail to provide a satisfactory, physically localized mechanism for wave function collapse or the appearance of a single classical reality. This paper proposes the Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation (MUWI), a novel framework that integrates concepts from the Feynman Path Integral Formulation (PIF), the Holographic Principle, and the concept of quantized spacetime [1,2].MUWI posits that reality emerges from a finite, pre-existent set of Unreal Spacetime Fabrics, each corresponding to a potential quantum state, or "address." We establish a formal equivalence between these unreal fabrics and the "sum over histories" in the Path Integral Formulation (PIF). The particle’s quantum state ψ is the propagator, calculated as the collective interference of all potential states (shadows) across these fabrics.The critical distinction lies in the collapse mechanism: Measurement is not a branching event, but an irreversible, informational event—an "address change"—triggered by the interaction of a true particle with a shadow. This interaction enforces a new boundary condition, instantaneously collapsing the PIF to a single history (the observed outcome) and transferring the particle's quantum information across a non-local holographic plane. This approach provides a localized, geometric mechanism for wave function collapse, resolves the paradox of retrocausality in delayed-choice experiments, and offers a fundamental link between the quantum wave and the emergent geometry of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Enlightening Perspective on Quantum Time

Authors: Qiuyu Shan
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper identifies a long-overlooked issue in foundational physics and proposes a tentative solution: Einstein's clock synchronization scheme cannot be realized at the quantum scale, yet Quantum Field Theory (QFT) employs this unexamined scheme and relies on continuous spacetime coordinates as its foundation. This paper presents a new scheme for defining simultaneity at the quantum scale. Within this scheme, interesting conclusions such as discrete spacetime can be derived, illustrating how it can provide a foundation for the ultraviolet cutoff in renormalization methods, and also offer a possible operational basis for the background spacetime of QFT. It further discusses how to recover traditional Lorentz transformations and the Schrödinger equation by stipulating good clocks, and presents some currently testable corollaries.
Category: Quantum Physics

Difference in Nature Between Virtual and Real Particles

Authors: Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required in the article)

In the framework of the relativistic model representing the Euclidean space with three real spatial axes and one corresponding to local time, the dynamics of displacements without mass particles in the absence of fields is investigated.
Category: Quantum Physics

Titus Planck Units: Derivations and Numerical Evaluations

Authors: Quinton R. D. Tharp
Comments: 38 Pages.

This paper presents a detailed, foundational analysis of Planck-scale quantities within the Quantum Phase Lattice Model ("Titus" framework). Unlike conventional treatments that introduce Planck units as dimensional combinations, the Titus approach begins from a deterministic lattice interpretation of energy and time via the Planck loop condition E_P t_P = h. This definition implies E_P = h / t_P, which is larger than the conventional hbar-based Planck energy by a factor of 2pi. Anchoring all substitutions to this loop identity keeps the derivations internally consistent, deterministic, and directly linked to observables. We provide symbolic derivations, numerical evaluations, and explicit unit checks for the full set of Planck units using CODATA 2022 values, with equation cross-references to NIST standards for clarity and reproducibility. The electromagnetic quartet (Planck charge, voltage, current, power) together with Planck impedance emerge transparently from the Titus substitutions, revealing an algebraic structure in which the Planck impedance equals half the vacuum impedance (Z_P = Z_0 / 2). The analysis further shows how the Titus framework unifies Planck-scale physics with atomic-scale structure: the Bohr identities h = 2pim_ea_0v_B and hbar = m_ea_0*v_B arise naturally and consistently from the lattice formalism. Presenting all Planck units within this structure establishes a rigorous foundation for subsequent sections of the Quantum Phase Lattice Model, where phase-coherence mechanics and cosmological implications are developed on this Planck-scale base.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics from Quantizing Relativistic Hamiltonian Mechanics

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 7 Pages.

Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is obtained from nonrelativistic classical Hamiltonian mechanics by replacing the particle's spatial location by a complex-valued wave-function location distribution, and by replacing the particle's deterministic mechanics in universal time by an operator analog which acts on its wave function. But in relativistic classical mechanics, time isn't universal. One important time is given by a clock at rest with respect to the observer; in conjunction with the particle's observed spatial location it comprises the particle's observed space-time location. The Lorentz-invariant time of the particle's dynamics is its proper time, given by a clock at rest with respect to it. The wave function of relativistic quantum mechanics depends on the particle's observed space-time location, and time derivatives of the quantum operators are with respect to particle proper time. In the particle's zero-mass limit, however, the free-particle Schrödinger equation is independent of the particle's proper time, is second-order in observer time, and is real-valued. The relativistic correction to the hydrogen atom's Hamiltonian without spin is a very weak, short-range complement to the Coulomb potential.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nobel Prize in Physics 2025

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please list each cited reference in a complete and standard reference stype such as APS style)

We discuss the Nobel Prize awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis "for the discovery of macroscopic quantum tunneling and of the quantization of energy in an electric circuit.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dimensional Overlap Hypothesis: A Human-Scale Theory of Perceptual Shift, Cosmic Continuity, and the Veil of Perception

Authors: Haroon Khan
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper proposes a unified hypothesis connecting cosmic expansion, human perception, and dimensional overlap, incorporating spiritual insight into the understanding of reality. Observations suggest that reality may consist of layered frequencies, which occasionally interact with human consciousness, resulting in perceptual shifts, memory anomalies, and other phenomena often dismissed as coincidence. Earth, composed of materials from multiple cosmic sources, functions as a node where these frequencies intersect. Historical and philosophical traditions suggest that conscious beings are naturally limited by a "veil," which aligns with the proposed frequency and dimensional interactions. This framework integrates physical, biological, and metaphysical considerations, inviting independent investigation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on "Lorentz-Invariance and Gauge-Invariance of the Aharonov—Bohm Phase" by a. L. Kholmetskii, o. V. Missevitch, and T. Yarman, Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:140

Authors: Peter M. Enders
Comments: 7 Pages.

I present an axiomatic foundation of non-integrable phases of quantum wave functions like the Aharonov—Bohm phase and show the gauge invariance of the phase difference in the Aharonov—Bohm setup in a much simpler manner than in that article by Kholmetskii et al.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Need of Imaginary Numbers (i) in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 50 Pages. In English and Italian (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The need we have (with the Schrodinger’s Equation) of running into the imaginary unit (i) is a simple way the nature uses to inform us that a particle, with its wave function Ψ, is half a reality and there exists a complex conjugate (-i) wave function (antiparticle) Ψ* that, together with Ψ, leads us, as to say, to a real "trigonometric" wave (with real values).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mysteries of Quantum Physics

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article examines how we can interpret, or understand, the most counterintuitive elements of Quantum Physics such as complementarity, entanglement, superposition, nonlocality, wave packet reduction, etc., using concrete concepts about particles (standing waves) and Superfluid (granular) Space-Time, which we have studied.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Model for the Subatomic Particles and the Fundamental Interactions and the Solution to the Millenium Problem of the Yang-Mills "Mass Gap"

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 16 Pages.

With the discovery of the atoms by Einstein (1905), and the proof that atoms have subdivisions, Rutherford (1911), that is, they consist of other smaller particles, the formation of the Quantum theory, the theory of the particles found within the atom, began. Initially, it was discovered that each atom consists of a nucleus, which is also the solid part of the atom, which is composed of protons (particles with a positive electromagnetic charge) and electrons (particles with a negative electromagnetic charge) around which other electrons rotate. Then it was discovered that the assumption that atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and electrons, around which other electrons revolve, was not correct but it was discovered that the nucleus consists of protons and uncharged particles (not electrons), which the Quantum theory called neutrons, James Chadwick (1932). With the progress of the research, it was discovered that the protons and neutrons, of which the nucleus consists, also have subdivisions, the particles, up and down quarks, Murray Gell-Man (1970).With the discovery of the up and down quarks, which together with the electron were considered to be the elementary particles, that is, the smallest subdivisions of matter, the foundation of the Standard Model theory began, that is, the theory for the investigation of elementary particles and antiparticles, as a branch of the Quantum theory. The Standard Model theory was completed with the discovery of the Higgs particle (2012), a particle that is not an elementary particle but has the property of contributing to the creation of the mass of the remaining elementary particles and antiparticles.The calculations and the various elements of subatomic and elementary particles in the Quantum theory and the Standard Model are based on the Yang-Mills equations formulated in the 1970s and are based on the assumption that the same laws apply to subatomic and elementary particles in the microcosm as they do in the macrocosm. The successful use of Yang-Mills theory to describe the interactions of elementary particles has relied on a subtle quantum mechanical property called the Yang-Mills "mass gap" . Experiments and computer simulations suggest the existence of this "mass gap" in the solution of the Yang-Mills equations, but no theoretical proof of this property is known. The property has only been discovered by physicists in experiments and confirmed in computer simulations, but it has not yet been understood theoretically. Theoretical physicists believe that the explaining of the property of the Yang-Mills "mass gap" will require the introduction of new fundamental ideas, both in physics and mathematics. In fact, to stimulate scientists’ interest in solving the Yang-Mills "mass gap" problem, the problem was included as one of the seven unsolved problems of the Millennium Prizes, announced by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which offers a prize of one million dollars for the solution of each problem.With the progress of science, it was found that while Quantum theory is based on very strong and correct scientific foundations, the Standard Model theory, in addition, have to clarify the case of the Yang-Mills "mass gap", before its establishment, and many other weak points, such as, whether the electron and the up and down quarks are indeed elementary particles, whether quarks move or not inside the nucleus of the atom, whether bosons actually exist, what about the fundamental interactions, whether the Higgs mechanism for the origin of the mass of the elementary particles is the correct mechanism, etc. [5], [6] and [7]. However, regardless of the clarification of the above points of the Standard Model theory, in the section 5, I propose a New Model for describing elementary particles and fundamental interactions to replace the Standard Model. The New Model I propose clarifies all the unanswered questions of the Standard Model, includes the interaction of gravity and, at the same time solves the problem of the Yang-Mills "mass gap".
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Model of Neutrinos Oscillating at the Speed of Light Described by the Klein-Gordon Equation of Infinite Degree

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper discusses equations containing high powers of the Klein-Gordon operator. In the limit of large powers, these equations are shown to have solutions that propagate at light speed and oscillate. These solutions exhibit a definite helicity. Such equations could be relevant for developing models of massless oscillating neutrinos.
Category: Quantum Physics

Lorentz-Covariant Hamiltonian Mechanics and its Quantization

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Lorentz-covariant upgrade of Newton's Second Law sets a particle's mass times the second derivative with respect to its Lorentz-invariant proper time of its observed space-time location equal to the four-force applied to it. Hamiltonian mechanics yields the Lorentz-covariant upgrade of Newton's Second Law when the Hamiltonian is a Lorentz-invariant function of the particle's observed space-time location and conjugate four-momentum, and the time derivatives of these two Lorentz-covariant four-vectors are taken with respect to the particle's Lorentz-invariant proper time. Very simple Lorentz-invariant Hamiltonians that yield the electromagnetic Lorentz Force Law and the gravitational geodesic equation are pointed out, as is the straightforward quantization of Lorentz-covariant Hamiltonian mechanics. A very weak short-range relativistic complement to the hydrogen atom's Coulomb potential is found, which seems negligible for most purposes, but might affect studies of the proton's charge radius.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Experimental Accessible Inconsistency Within Hidden-Variable Theories for Quantum Optical Phenomena

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We study no-hidden-variable theorem for quantum optical phenomena. We consider the case that the uncertainty principle exists when we think both of commutativeness and non-commutativeness and then we derive a general and natural value. On the other hand, we consider the case that the uncertainty principle does not exist when we think only commutativeness and then we derive a specific and unnatural value. Thus, we are in the inconsistency within hidden-variable theories. We propose an experimental accessible inconsistency within hidden-variable theories for quantum optical phenomena in terms of the imperfect source and detector. As a result of our study, hidden-variable theories for quantum optical phenomena do not exist.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantization of Free Electromagnetic Field Without Infinity in Terms of Finite Series or Integral in Finite Interval

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a new approach to the quantization of free electromagnetic fields without the infinity problem.Our work shows that from the physical viewpoint, the energy of a free electromagnetic field in a finite volume should be represented necessarily by a finite series, since fields consist of a finite number of photon.From the mathematical viewpoint, it is explained that the quantization of electromagnetic field reduces the infinite Fourier series to a finite series and preserve the relativistic invariance.It is demonstrated that the cut-off of series for the energy of photons is uniquely and objectively determined based on the assumption about photon.Based on this perspective, the interaction between free electromagnetic field and matter is described in terms of an integral in a finite interval which does not comprise zero and infinity.Our methodology always gives finite results and thus does not need renormalization.Ultimately, it is demonstrated that it is possible to construct a new quantization theory of electromagnetic field without infinity and renormalization thereof.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of the Schrödinger Equation from F=ma (In Chinese)

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

The compatibility between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics is always worth discussing.According to F=ma, the Schrödinger equation can be derived. Important classical physics formulas can be derived from the Schrödinger equation. TheShrödinger equation intuitively contains the mass m and the potential energy formula (this mass can be very large, and the potential energy comes from classical attraction). These three points determine that the Schrödinger equation is an organic combination of wave functions and classical mechanical laws. Based on this, it can be predicted that the Schrödinger equation with gravitational potential energy, which can be used to describe macroscopic objects, can be established. It can be observed from the experiment of electron diffraction in a magnetic field that the volatility and property of moving electrons can be presented simultaneously. This experimental phenomenon, together with the mathematical analysis mentioned above, supports the conclusion that Newton's second law still applies in the microscopic world. According to the Schrödinger equation, it can be proven that "the energy of a moving particle described by the law of waves is equivalent to a multiple of its kinetic energy"; There is no absolute boundary between macro and micro.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Schrödinger Equation is a Product of the Organic Combination of Classical Mechanical Laws and Wave Functions

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The compatibility between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics is always worth discussing. The Schrödinger equation (SE) can be derived based on F=ma and T+V=E. Important classical mechanical formulas can be directly found or derived from the SE. The conclusion drawn by analyzing the composition and structure of the SE is that it is an organic combination of wave functions and classical mechanical laws. Based on this, it can be predicted that the SE, which can be used to describe macroscopic objects, can be established. It can be observed from the experiment of electron diffraction in a magnetic field that the volatility and property of moving electrons can be presented simultaneously. This experimental phenomenon, together with the mathematical analysis mentioned above, supports the conclusion that Newton's second law still applies in the microscopic world. According to the SE, it can be proven that "the energy of a moving particle described by the law of waves is equivalent to a multiple of its kinetic energy"; There is no absolute boundary between macro and micro.
Category: Quantum Physics

Contextual Quantum Entropic Lattices for Non-Clifford Information Propagation: A Theoretical Framework for Ultra-Secure Qubit Channels

Authors: Debabrata Chini
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a new class of quantum information structures called entropic lattices, designed to encode and propagate information using non-Clifford operations in contextual quantum frameworks. Motivated by the limitations of classical error correction and the need for ultra-secure quantum communication, we develop a purely theoretical and rigorous approach to model entropic interactions between qubits across lattice sites. Our framework leverages contextuality—a uniquely quantum phenomenon—as a resource to enable controlled information flow beyond stabilizer limitations. We construct analgebraic basis for entropic channels and derive propagation laws under entropy-preserving, non-Clifford logic. The proposed model is built entirely from first principles, includes high-level mathematical formalism, and does not rely on any experimental data. This work aims to establish a new foundation for robust, theoretically-grounded quantum communication protocols that extend the scope of quantum error resistance and computational universality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Energy Extraction: Fundamental Limits and Practical Models

Authors: Dan Zachary
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose the Quantum Uncertainty-Informed Networked Teleportation protocol, or QUINT, a framework for extracting energy from quantum vacuum fluctuations by exploiting spatially-structured entanglement. Extending conventional quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocols, QUINT protocol hypothesizes that entanglement correlations may be geometrically organized, inspired by the ER=EPR conjecture (treated here as a heuristic for structured entanglement). This structure enables enhanced energy extraction and directional sensitivity across a network of QET nodes. We present the formalism for per-cycle energy extraction, including constraints imposed by quantum energy inequalities, and introduce a simple dynamical model for entanglement depletion and recovery. Observable signatures of the protocol include localized stress-energy redistributions, phase shifts, and anisotropies in extraction efficiency. Our framework provides a pathway to probe structured vacuum entanglement and suggests experimentally testable predictions for quantum-optical or field-theoretic systems. By focusing on measurable energy flows rather than speculative geometries, the QUINT protocol establishes a novel approach to quantum energy engineering and lays the groundwork for exploring the operational consequences of vacuum entanglement networks.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Consilience of Constants Deriving Fundamental Physics from Hydrogen and the Entropic Microstate Count

Authors: Steve P. Smith
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work posits that the fundamental constants of nature, including the gravitational constant G, are not independent parameters but emergent properties of quantum vacuum statistics. We demonstrate that the ratio of the Bohr radius to the Planck length defines a fundamental number of microstates, Ω=2N_A e for a molar system. This entropic scaling factor Ω serves as the cornerstone of a new axiomatic framework. From only the ground-state properties of the hydrogen atom (a_0 , m_e , α) and Ω, we derive the complete set of Planck units and fundamental constants with precision exceeding current experimental uncertainty in G. This framework renders gravity an entropic force—a thermodynamic consequence of the information content at the Planck scale—and provides a unified, first-principles derivation of physical law from quantum mechanics to cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spacetime Curvature and Localized Energy Density Emerge from Quantum Energy Teleportation Protocols

Authors: Daniel S. Zachary
Comments: 18 Pages.

We propose a theoretical framework in which spacetime curvature and localized energy density emerge from modulations of vacuum entanglement structure. Building upon quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocols and the entanglement-geometry correspondence, we introduce an operational mechanism by which local measurements can induce energy redistribution across spacelike-separated regions. This mechanism does not involve classical signal propagation and remains consistent with causality and quantum energy inequalities. We formalize this hypothesis through an effective entanglement stress-energy tensor and derive its implications for geometry, energy flow, and negative energy densities. Experimental signatures include curvature shifts detectable by atom interferometers, clock desynchronization in optical networks, and vacuum pressure changes in Casimir systems. We identify feasible experimental platforms and outline protocols to test this proposal within current or near-future precision measurement technologies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantitative Theoretical Evaluation of the Time Quantum Value Based on the Heizenberg Uncertainty Principle and the Analytic Model of Nonstationary Stochastic Processes

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Sergii Miroshnychenko, Kostiantin Tkachenko, Victoria Miroshnychenko, Yurii Miroshnychenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

Based on the clear physically interpreted variant of the Heizenberg uncertainty relation connecting the uncertainties for impulse and a space coordinate of any material object, the other variant related to the uncertainties of time and energy for such an object was analytically derived based on the classical mechanics. Considering a measuring procedure as the combination of minimum two non stationary stochastic processes a formula to define the time —quantum was derived using the early developed analytic model. Numerical value of the time — quantum then evaluated was shown to be in a good accordance with the known characteristics of our Universe. Dependence of the time-quantum value from the properties of material objects comprised and the evolution time for the Universe was shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Observable Effects and Peculiarities of the Low-Energy Quantum Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 12 Pages. This article is accepted by Journal of Optics and Photonics Research (eISSN: 3029-1348), 2025.

The existence of a background of ultra-strongly interactinggravitons is a key postulate of the author's low-energy gravitymodel. Side effects of the model due to photons interacting withthis background may be important for cosmology, and theirobservation would be essential to support the model. The mostimportant such effect is the quantum redshift mechanism, which mayconstitute an alternative to the generally accepted mechanismassociated with the expansion of the universe. The model shouldhave a weakening of the light flux due to a change in the numberof photons, which replaces the influence of dark energy. Scatteredphotons may form a new background that can be detected by deepspace missions. Some important predictions of the model are testedusing observational data sets of SNe Ia, compact quasars andLyman-alpha emitters. The article shows that the linear function$H(z) $ of the model satisfactorily describes the results ofmeasurements of the Hubble parameter. Using a trial function forthe weakening parameter, the possibility of a differentinterpretation of the Hubble tension is illustrated. Theincreasing angular diameter distance of this model is fitted to aset of 120 measurements of the angular sizes of compact quasarswith redshifts of $0.46 -- 2.76$ with independent calibration oftheir linear sizes. Attention is drawn to the possibility of afalse interpretation of changes in the measured sizes ofLyman-alpha emitters observed by JWST in the redshift range of $3-- 7$ as evolutionary effects in the $Lambda$CDM model, sincethese changes can be due to the increasing angular diameterdistance of this model.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Does It Mean that Quantum Mechanics [or] Classical Mechanics Can Be Used

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 11 Pages. in Chinese

Nowadays, the notion that 'quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are incompatible' is firmly held in people's minds. One of the paths of the physics revolution was to break this notion and achieve the goal of combining classical mechanics with quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy was derived by replacing the potential energy function. This equation can describe classical mechanical systems, and is a mathematical foundation that can be combined with classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Mathematically speaking, the application of Hamiltonian operator and Schrödinger equation is not limited by whether the system is microscopic or macroscopic. The method of using the Schrödinger equation to solve problems is called the wave dynamics method (quantum mechanics method). The classical mechanical system can use the Schrödinger equation. This indicates that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be combined for the same system. As long as there is no superstition about the absolute dominance of existing quantum mechanical explanations such as uncertainty, superposition, and coherence in the microscopic world (Plus establishing a ring electronic structure model), the combination of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be used in practice. Multiple successful examples of using quantum mechanics without combining classical forces have been provided with the help of references.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Electrodynamics in Mesoscopic Transport, A Velocity Framework for Conductance Quantization and Majorana Detection

Authors: Steve P. Smith
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Introducing a velocity-based paradigm grounded in quantum electrodynamics (QED) that reformulates the conductance quantum G_0=2e^2/h as G_0=4ϵ_0 v_e (ve=αc). This framework resolves the Majorana fermion reproducibility crisis by defining the effective velocity v_eff=α_SO/(ℏV_z) as a topological discriminant. It will be proven that true Majorana zero modes (MZMs) exhibit v_eff∼ 10^4 m/s, distinguishable from trivial Andreev bound states (ABS) via time-resolved Andreev reflection (τ=L/v_eff ). Experimental protocols and stability metrics (R= δE⋅ξ/ℏve≤ 1) enable scalable topological Qubits.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quarks — What Are They? What do They Represent?

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

The fundamental quark theory of the Standard Model has been expanding through experimental results and answering criticism, for more than half a century. We can therefore reasonably assume, based on historical precedent, that there is some basic aspect of existence that is instantiated by "quarks". The conjectural model here presented assigns the subjective components, C P T M S and L, as the identities of the six quarks, Up Down Strange Charm Top and Bottom (presently no known order of correspondence). The principal conjecture is that quarks represent solutions to problems in "subjective physics" that have consequences in the objective realm and therefore require geometric instantiation in some fashion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Torque Generator by Casimir Conversion

Authors: Israel Teomim
Comments: 5 Pages.

Potential application of special surface geometries to generate a horizontal Casimir force component parallel to the overall surface. Proper alignment of surfaces with these geometries generates an angled force component that can be reduced to the horizontal force alone (the Casimir force component parallel to the overall surface) by an additional external force. Configurations are based on a pair of straight and parallel surfaces with such geometries that the geometry of one is a mirror image of the other with respect to an axis perpendicular to their overall surfaces. Both surfaces face each other with the aforementioned mirrored geometric structures. For example, by appropriately placing such surfaces on the bases of two rollers, which are directed towards each other with their bases and separated by a vacuum (also in the surrounding space), it is possible to obtain a controlled torque of these rollers, whereby they rotate in opposite directions. The presence of a vacuum eliminates friction between the elements and the air and avoids weakening the Casimir force. This makes it possible to use the Casimir force as a source of mechanical energy and, in the example discussed, as a source of torque that can be converted into useful energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bosons and Fermions

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 2 Pages.

The reason for there being two states with respect to "spin" is rooted in the four logic types (0, 1, 2, 3-logic). When there is a seemingly mysterious property of matter, we inevitably find a rational solution in 2-logic (the relativistic perspective) which is only at "apparent variance" with 3-logic (the Newtonian viewpoint) u2026 both being logically viable. So, logic must adjudicate a solution resulting in the noncontradictory instantiation of both in the "real world".
Category: Quantum Physics

Hyperbolic Quantum Time Evolution Formulation

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 15 Pages.

We prove that the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension is equivalent to an alternative time evolution formulation where the values of the wave function depend on the wave function's past values on relativistic hyperbolas inside the past light cones.
Category: Quantum Physics

Locality/Stability Duality of the Electron-Positron Pair

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 10 Pages.

The unit "electron" is universal, because it is not based on the arbitrary units [kg, m, s] of the SI system. Any other possible civilizations could express a mass, a length or a time, in the form of a (dimensionless) ratio with the electron. But the free and measured electron, is dressed in virtual particles, which slightly increase its bare mass. Its bare mass is not measurable, because of the impossibility of decoupling it from the virtual particles. Starting from Yoshio Koide's formula [1] and by proposing bare and integer values, the paper [2] improves by a factor ≈ 100, the KOIDE relations. This suggests that the original electronpositron pairs have a different status from the locally created pairs. This new paradigm states that the muon mass, measured at 206.768 "dressed electron" units, shows multiple coherence if it is composed of 206 "naked, whole, and fused" electron units + 1 single electron or positron. Similarly, the mass of the tau, measured at 3477.103 "dressed electron" units, exhibits multiple coherence if it is composed of 3480 "naked and whole" electron units + 1 single electron or positron. We propose to extend this coherence for six types of particles from different families, including pions, protons, and neutrons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin from Geometry: Emergence of Spin via Internal Berry Phase in the 0-Sphere Electron Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a conceptual inversion of the conventional hierarchy in quantum mechanics: rather than spin generating Berry phase, we demonstrate that Berry curvature, arising from internal thermodynamic and geometric processes, serves as the generative mechanism for spin-like degrees of freedom in elementary particles. Using the 0-Sphere model, we describe a free electron as a thermodynamically closed system where energy oscillates between two internal kernels without reference to external fields, establishing an intrinsic adiabatic process that traces closed paths in internal parameter space. This cyclic energy transfer induces a Berry geometric phase, characterized by nontrivial holonomy in the internal configuration space, from which spin emerges as a macroscopic manifestation of microscopic geometric dynamics. The framework provides an alternative interpretation of quantum anomalies, particularly the anomalous magnetic moment, as coordinate-dependent manifestations of the same internal Berry phase processes. Through analogy with Foucault pendulum behavior across terrestrial latitudes, we demonstrate that observers comoving with the internal photon sphere measure the fundamental gyromagnetic ratio g = 2, while external laboratory observers detect additional geometric corrections arising from coordinate system transformations. By reinterpreting Zitterbewegung as the geometric trace of internal thermal motion and extending our previous reversal of Noether's theorem, we demonstrate that conserved thermal flows can generate the quantum symmetries we observe as fundamental particle properties. This framework not only redefines the ontological status of spin but also establishes a geometric foundation for understanding quantum anomalies and provides concrete pathways toward background-independent theories that potentially unify quantum mechanics with general relativity through shared geometric principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Geometric Model of the Photon

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 8 Pages.

There is no adequate geometric model of the photon in the Standard Model. The reason for this deficit is that there are so any constraints on such models that science in general has given up geometry in favor of mathematics. Unfortunately, mathematics is only the paint by which the artist depicts the external world u2026 not the thing itself. The true world to be depicted is logic instantiated in geometry. The universe is presented to us in the form and function of geometry which is the set of quals by and through which logical principles are realized. Hence, any proposed "understanding" without an objective 3-dimensional geometric base is incomplete. Here, a new model is proposed u2026 devised from the ground up.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Lorentz-Invariant Model of Time Irreversibility and Superweak Quantum Measurements for Its Verification

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the development of Penrose’s hypothesis regarding the time asymmetry of the most general physical laws. A description of quantum phenomena is proposed using Lorentz-invariant differential equations with derivatives of infinite order. It is shown that such equations lead to an explicit time irreversibility—even at the level of quantum processes. To test this model, a modified version of the double-slit experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will contradict the predictions of standard quantum mechanics
Category: Quantum Physics

The Magnetic Mass Operator of Electron

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. Original article

Using the knowledge of the Green function of an electron in the homogenous magnetic field and the photon propagator, which form together the mathematical object known as the mass operator, we derive it in the explicit form. The physical meaning of this object is the emission and absorption of a photon by the electron in magnetic field. It means that an electron is not the Hawking radiating black hole. The contact terms are also determined from the appropriate conditions.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proposed Experiment to Reveal A New Aspect of Entanglement

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 3 Pages.

We understand without question that the universe is somehow an exhibit of logical rules applied to matter and energy u2026 and that those rules constitute a hierarchy of importance that allows some actions while disallowing others u2026 leading to the observable manifestation we call ‘universe’. An experiment is proposed to show that entanglement is related to the definition of identity as it is instantiated in the observable (objective) universe. Does the logic of physics define a difference between complex and primary unitary objects u2026 a large rock or an electron?
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetic Orbitals the First Visual Revelation of Quantum Geometries in the Macroscopic World

Authors: Marsio Salcuni
Comments: 164 Pages.

Have the shapes of atomic orbitals ever been observed in the real world? This research presents the first experimental three-dimensional visualization of atomic orbital geometries.By employing a bipolar Hall sensor in dynamic mode at a constant angle, magnetic field configurations were detected that are consistent—down to the finest detail—with the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom.The results suggest a structural connection between the probabilistic concepts of quantum mechanics and observable macroscopic phenomena, proposing a new paradigm for unifying classical and quantum physics.The entire work also provides a replicable guide for generating magnetic orbitals, thus offering a precise method for the potential control of matter at the subatomic level, through the construction of a "Magnetic Map of Matter"—usable here, in our world.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Noetherian Inversion: From Einsteinian Geometry to Emergent Symmetry

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a geometric reinterpretation of Noether’s theorem in which conservation laws arise not from externally imposed symmetries, but from the intrinsic closed time-phase geometry of quantum systems. We extend our previous geometric studies of internal time-phase structures in quantum systems, proposing a new interpretation of conservation laws arising from intrinsic closed time-phase geometry within the 0-sphere model. Based on the 0-Sphere model, this approach aligns with Einstein’s vision of deriving physical laws from spacetime structure itself. Within this model, conservation of energy and spin emerge as geometric necessities, while symmetries such as time-translation or rotation arise secondarily as emergent, large-scale features of internal dynamics. This inversion—geometry giving rise to conservation, which in turn yields symmetry—offers a new foundation for unifying quantum and relativistic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fourth Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper is about the importance in physics of an extra direction axis, on top of the three direction axes of space. Such a direction can occur in different shapes: time, scale, object, surface or spin axis. All directions need a point of reference (the origin in a coordinate system). From that point a perspective has to be chosen: a direction to look in. From this obliged choice the Principle of Perspective is born, which is explained in this paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mechanism in Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures, 3 diagrams

This paper is about the mechanism in Bell-test experiments: why it must exist, what it is and how it is discovered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Bias in Quantum Path Integrals: A Causal Model of Bell Correlations

Authors: Frank Lombard
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Bell test experiments - which have culminated in the Nobel-winning work of Clauser,Aspect, and Zeilinger - have definitively closed loopholes for all classical hidden-variablemodels operating in (3+1)D spacetime. These results compel us to reconsider thedimensional assumptions of causal structure. We propose a hypothesis in which asymbolic or informational bias field, ϕ(x), emerges through higher-dimensional pathintegrals.This framework introduces a dynamical informational bias field ϕ(x), sourced byentropy gradients via information geometry, and incorporated into a modified Feyn-man path integral formalism. The field induces a conserved topological charge ϕ(x)that links entangled particles through shared hyper-dimensional structure, restoringclassical causality in an expanded manifold. Typically, such hyper-dimensional pathscancel through destructive interference, but under entanglement constraints, the hyper-path amplitude is constructively reinforced—preserving coherence and restoring classi-cal causality in the full configuration space. This is the fundamental hypothesis of thispaper.Simulations show that this bias produces testable shifts in Bell-type correlations andghost imaging patterns, while preserving unitarity and no-signaling. The model offers afalsifiable geometric alternative to hidden-variable theories, unifying entanglement andinformation through symbolic curvature in extended configuration space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Yoshio Koide Law, Antimatter and Locality

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 12 Pages.

Yoshio Koide's formula [1] shows a common link between the three leptons: electron, muon and tauon. The accuracy of this formula was improved by a factor of 100 in 2016 [2] by expressing the masses of the particles in the unit "undressed whole electron". The unit "electron" is universal, as it is not based on the arbitrary units [kg, m, s] of the SI system. Without violating the cosmological principle, which states that all localities are equivalent, the results of the paper [2] are interpreted as the possibility of having a duality of locality. This paper suggests that there is an original non-locality caused by inflation. Thus the original electron-positron pairs are different from those extracted with fermion status, in all potential localities. If the locally extracted pairs annihilate immediately in gamma rays, the original pairs, causally separated, are able to condense into composite particles. It is shown that this paradigm immediately resolves: 1) the enigma of antimatter; 2) the enigma of the proton mass; 3) the enigma of the muon mass; 4) the proton spin crisis; 5) the enigma of the equality between the charge of the proton and that of the positron. The concept of antimatter is based only on local experimentation. There is no "elected" matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computers as Hardware Accelerators for Parallel Processing: a Perspective

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum computers are inherently parallel processing devices by nature of theirdesign. In this era of parallel processing and artificial intelligence, quantum computers need to be widely adopted. Towards this goal, quantum computers need to be reoriented as a hardware accelerator for parallel processing. By adoptinghybrid physical systems that contains atomic and optical components, and with further miniaturization, quantum computers are marching towards the goal of becoming part of mainstream computing.
Category: Quantum Physics

No-Hidden-Variable Theorem Based on a Single Projection Operator

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose no-hidden-variable theorem for the quantum measurement outcomes by measuring an observable that is obtained through a single projection operator. We are in the inconsistency within hidden-variable theories when the first predetermined hidden result is $+1$ by measuring a single projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the quantum state $|uparrowangle$, the second predetermined hidden result is the same $+1$ asby measuring the same projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the same quantum state $|uparrowangle$, and then we consider the existence of only the following proposition $[|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|,|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|] = 0$and we assign the value ``1'' for the commutator. It turns out that we cannot assign the predetermined hidden result for quantum measurement outcome as $+1$ when measuring a single projection operator. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible hidden-variable inconsistency in terms of the imperfect source and detector.
Category: Quantum Physics

Do Quantified Flavor Neutrino Masses Exist?

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 11 Pages, including 5 tables and 2 figures

Mass-squared differences and neutrino mixing angles can be determined from neutrino oscillations. Three neutrino masses m_i (i = 1, 2, 3) corresponding to three mass eigenstates can all be calculated, when one additional relation is available. The so-called geometric mean mass relation may serve as such.

Alternatively, when the neutrino mass m_1> is known, the other two masses can be calculated from measured mass-squared differences. As an example, a mass m₁ of 1.530 meV/c² has previously been obtained by combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino deduced in the context of the electroweak interaction at the one-loop level and the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Curiously, about the same result for m₁ is found from the geometric mean mass relation.

Furthermore, the existence of neutrino masses m_α (α = e, μ, τ) corresponding to the flavor eigenstates will be conjectured. They are defined by the product of the unitary PMNS mixing matrix and the column vector with masses m_i as components. For a zero Dirac CP phase δ the masses m_α appear to be approximately quantized, where the ratio of the three masses is equal to: m_e : m_μ : m_τ = 1.00 : 3.02 : 2.03. The mass set m_α appears to possess a higher total energy than the mass set m_i.

Finally, the toroidal model of neutrinos is applied to all neutrino masses. It appears that neutrinos with masses m_i (i = 2, 3) and m_α (α = e, μ, τ) can all be described by the same spindle torus model. In addition, expressions for the radii and angular momenta of all neutrinos are deduced. The obtained parameters all depend on simple functions of the toroidal factor N.

Category: Quantum Physics

Testable Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We’re excited to present the final, revised version of our paper on the discrete‑quantum graph theory of spacetime. Initial emulations and numerical checks (see our GitHub repository) qualitatively validate the model, but true confirmation requires experiments on real quantum hardware—experiments that can already be performed using the protocol detailed in the article. In earlier drafts, we did not derive the Hamiltonian explicitly, limiting predictions to inaccessible regimes. Here, the Hamiltonian serves as a bridge to established physics and will be reworked once positive experimental results arrive. We show that today’s quantum processors can unambiguously reveal noise signatures, and in Appendix C we derive the discrete quantum‑graph equation. Appendix D then demonstrates how this model reproduces Newton’s law, Maxwell’s equations, and Einstein’s field equations. Our numerical‑checks repository confirms that RG flow exponents, Regge action scaling, and discrete U(1) curvature precisely match analytic predictions. If experiments validate these results, it will strongly support a fundamentally discrete spacetime and challenge the continuum foundations of general relativity. Next steps are clear: we now await data testing our predictions for Tc, γ-dim_s, scaling laws, and ΛUB signatures. We’ve also added Appendix E, which outlines an experimental protocol for topology‑driven microwave anomalies (Δtan⁡δ>10^−4) in quantum paraelectrics at sub‑mK temperatures, testable on existing cryogenic microwave platforms.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum-Classical Conversion Calculator: Bridging Quantum Correlations and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Jacob Woods
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a computational framework for modeling quantum and classical correlations in a cosmological context, integrating quantum information theory with cosmological parameters. Utilizing Qiskit, a quantum computing library, we simulate a multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state to compute quantum correlation parameters and compare them with their classical counterparts. The model incorporates cosmological effects, such as redshift and dark matter density, to explore potential quantum-classical analogies in an expanding universe. We derive key formulas for quantum and classical correlations, cosmological time scales, and density matrix scaling, and analyze their interrelations. The results demonstrate how quantum entanglement measures can be contextualized within cosmologicalframeworks, offering insights into the interplay between quantum mechanics and cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Binary Scalar Symbolic Field Yields Elementary Particles Consistent with General Relativity

Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 82 Pages. 8 figures, 145 equations (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Standard Model and Quantum Field Theory (QFT) describe the microscopic world with remarkable precision, while General Relativity (GR) provides an apparently accurate account of spacetime and gravity. Yet fundamental gaps remain. These range from the measurement problem to unresolved discrepancies such as the muon ( g{-}2 ) anomaly and the vacuum energy density. To address these challenges, we introduce a Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) rooted in a binary scalar field ( psi_0 ), extended by a local vector field ( psi_1 ) that detects entropy gradients, and a fiber bundle gauge field ( psi_2 ) enabling motif classification and dynamics. Strikingly, 14 unique-under-manifold-roation 8-bit (2{times}2{times}2) motifs in ( psi_0 ) yield a clean physical correspondence with the elementary particles of QFT. The framework also encodes geodesic curvature from motif structure, obviating the need for a cosmological constant. Furthermore, it elevates the Hilbert—Pólya Conjecture into a constructive formalism that links a spectral realization of the Riemann Hypothesis to the emergence of physical law. Observables are explicitly defined, enabling empirical validation or falsification.
Category: Quantum Physics

Thermal Geodesics in the 0-Sphere Model: Extending General Relativity Through Internal Thermodynamic Structure

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper proposes a geometric extension of general relativity by introducing thermal geodesics within the 0-Sphere model. In this framework, each elementary particle is treated as a thermodynamic system composed of two internal energy kernels and a mediating photon shell. Internal energy flows cyclically between these kernels, generating oscillatory dynamics that follow temperature-dependent paths of minimal thermodynamic action, called thermal geodesics. These internal geodesics contribute to the external curvature of spacetime through a thermal stress-energy tensor, providing a natural coupling between quantum internal motion and relativistic geometry. Time is reinterpreted as a quantity emerging from internal phase evolution, which ceases as temperature approaches absolute zero. Zitterbewegung is described as subluminal thermal oscillation, not as a quantum artifact. This approach maintains the formal structure of Einstein’s field equations while incorporating internal thermodynamic structure. It suggests that spacetime geometry and quantum effects may be unified through internal energy dynamics, without the need for quantized gravity or additional dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck Motion Theory

Authors: Andrew Vida
Comments: 52 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Planck Motion Theory (PMT) proposes that motion, time, and energy are emergent phenomena arising from the discrete actions of massless, structureless units called Planck Objects (POs). These units occupy a fixed cubic lattice at Planck-scale resolution and transition between adjacent cells in discrete time steps. This abstract substrate dispenses with the continuum assumptions of classical physics and replacesthem with a minimal, self-contained, and discrete causal structure. Tier 1 of PMTestablishes the foundational geometry and temporal rules of this substrate, introducesthe principle of Planck Motion, and formulates a completeness theorem ensuring that all valid dynamics occur entirely within the closed lattice without invoking classical convergence. This tier provides the axiomatic groundwork upon which all higher-order behavior—including mass, inertia, and wavefront propagation—emerges.PMT aims to unify quantum mechanics and relativity through a discrete causalstructure, offering testable predictions at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum Geometry of Spacetime

Authors: Xavier Aupí
Comments: 45 Pages.

This article forms the second part of the study entitled textit{The Fundamental Cycle: A Harmonic Reinterpretation of Relativity and Its Cosmological Implications}. Whereas the first part focused on macroscopic systems, the present work applies the same universal framework at the microscopic level. We begin by emphasizing the wave-like nature of relativity. Subsequently, we provide a geometric derivation of the de Broglie and Planck-Einstein relations. This derivation leads to a representation of particles as sets of rotating elements in spacetime. Next, we derive the uncertainty principle within the relativistic framework, contingent upon the following experimentally testable conjecture: there exist specific momentum values for which a particle becomes unobservable.We then introduce discrete time, which refines the earlier conception of particles as sets of continuously rotating elements into a model of discrete rotation. In this model, the elements undergo a collective cyclic exchange along the vertices of a regular polygon---or, more generally, a regular star polygon---in synchrony with the tick of proper time. This structure provides the foundation for defining spin as an intrinsic property emerging from the cyclic symmetry of the particle’s internal dynamics within discrete spacetime.Once spin is established, we derive the fundamental relation ( hf_o = m_o c^2 ). Finally, a quantum-level expression for gravity is obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Modified Double-Slit Experiment to Test the Hypothesis of Interference as a Result of Space-Time Nonlocality Described by Equations with Infinite-Order Derivatives

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 2 Pages.

A modified version of Young’s experiment is proposed to test the hypothesis that doubleslit interference arises from space-time nonlocality, described by Lorentz-invariant equations with derivatives of infinite order. If this hypothesis is correct, the experimental results would differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Zero-Sphere to Emergent Spacetime: A Minimalist Background-Independent Framework for Temporal and Spatial Genesis

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose a minimalist framework for background-independent quantum theory based on the 0-sphere (S^0), the simplest nontrivial topological space consisting of two disconnected points. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on a fixed spacetime geometry or manifold structure, our model introduces relational dynamics between the two points as the sole source of structure. Proper time, spatial separation, and causality emerge from sequences of internal transformations without reference to an external background. This framework yields physically significant features, including internal spinor oscillations, subluminal Zitterbewegung with a characteristic velocity approximately equal to 0.04 times the speed of light, and effective gauge-like symmetries. These phenomena arise solely from the algebra of binary transitions and demonstrate the model's capacity to simulate spacetime behavior from a pre-geometric seed. We compare this approach with established background-independent theories such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, highlighting both compatibility and conceptual novelty. The 0-sphere model offers a potentially unifying substrate from which complex spacetime structures may emerge, with implications for experimental and theoretical developments in quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Born’s Rule and the L_2 Norm from Pythagorean Geometry: A Deterministic Foundation via Global Phase Dynamics

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure

This paper develops a deterministic foundation for quantum measurement based on the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which avoids probabilistic postulates and wavefunction collapse at the level of individual particles. HDI introduces two principles: the Phase Consistency Criterion, which fixes the global phase of the Heisenberg-picture wavefunction via initial conditions, and the Quantum Hamilton's Principle, which selects the actual trajectory by extremizing accumulated quantum phase. Applied to an ensemble of particles, this framework yields detection statistics that reproduce the Born rule without assuming it. We show that the squared amplitudes associated with measurement outcomes follow directly from orthogonal projections governed by the Pythagorean theorem. As a consequence, the (L_2) norm of Hilbert space emerges naturally---not as an imposed structure, but as a mathematically inevitable result of the deterministic phase dynamics. Thus, both Born's rule and the underlying geometry of quantum state space are derived from the first principles, offering a coherent, deterministic, and geometrically grounded alternative to the standard axioms of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hidden Determinism in Quantum Measurement: Interaction-Free Detection and Counterfactual Reality

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures

Interaction-free measurement, counterfactual communication, and Young’s double-slit experiment reveal how quantum systems exhibit effects from events that do not physically occur. In this paper, we reinterpret such phenomena through the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which introduces a physically fixed global phase as a hidden variable. HDI employs two principles—the Phase Consistency Criterion (PCC) and the Quantum Hamilton’s Principle (QHP)—to determine the particle’s definite trajectory within a physically real wavefunction of Heisenberg's picture. Even paths not taken influence outcomes through interference, as seen in the double-slit experiment. Detection ends the particle's trajectory, naturally rendering the prior wavefunction obsolete without invoking stochastic collapse or many-worlds branching. HDI thus provides a unified, deterministic account of quantum counterfactuality within a realist, single-world framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Discussion on the Quantization of Diffraction Phenomena

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The abstract on the submission form should be same as the one in the article; please cite and list scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!))

In the development of modern physics, the quantum properties of the microcosm have been conclusively verified by important theories and practices such as Planck's blackbody radiation theory, Einstein's photoelectric effect theory, and Compton scattering experiments. However, the current theoretical system used to explain diffraction phenomena is essentially a wave theory that took shape before the birth of quantization theory and relativity. Although the wave theory can effectively explain most diffraction phenomena at the present stage, it is undeniable that the physical processes described by this theory show continuous characteristics, which is in sharp contradiction with the quantized nature of the microcosm. This incompatibility at the level of theoretical foundations means that the wave theory has not accurately touched the physical reality of the microcosm, thus becoming a key obstacle to the construction of a unified theory. This leads to a profound question: Can the stripes formed by diffraction phenomena only be explained by the principle of wave interference? Is there a new interpretive perspective that is more consistent with the quantum properties of the microcosm?
Category: Quantum Physics

Corpuscles as Packets of Strings

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 15 Pages.

From Restraint Relativity it is possible to consider a corpuscle as a packet of strings. The variation of the length this packet is equal to the phase speed of the corpuscle as a packet of waves times an universal constant. Considering the interaction of the corpuscle with vacuum we deduce the link between the two packets.
Category: Quantum Physics

Toward the Experimental Study of Indefinite Causal Order Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 3 Pages.

The so-called phenomenon of indefinite causal order has long been studied theoretically and experimentally. Even earlier, the phenomenon of broken causal order (when the effect precedes the cause) was experimentally observed. Both phenomena obviously have a common physical basis. This physical basis is simple and convenient to study experimentally precisely in the broken causal order variant.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Redshift of Internal Quantum Clocks: A Zitterbewegung-Based Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper reinterprets Zitterbewegung as a physically real internal oscillation of the electron, rather than a mathematical artifact of the Dirac equation. Within this framework, the internal motion is confined to a photonic shell structure governed by the electron's Compton wavelength and evolves according to proper time. Building on previous work, the author derives a special relativistic estimate for the internal velocity v_e,SR = 0.040472c, subsequently refined to v_e,SR+GR = 0.040374c at Earth's surface by incorporating general relativistic effects including geodetic precession. A key prediction is that this velocity is subject to gravitational modulation, similar to GPS satellite clock corrections. The study predicts that Zitterbewegung frequency at satellite altitude would exceed that at Earth's surface by approximately 2.64 times 10^9 Hz due to gravitational redshift effects, representing a fractional frequency change of 5.29 times 10^-10. This demonstrates that electrons could function as relativistic quantum clocks sensitive to gravitational potentials. If verified experimentally, this would provide a novel connection between quantum internal dynamics and spacetime geometry, supporting the physical reality of Zitterbewegung and offering a new quantum-scale probe for exploring the intersection of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a fundamentally discrete spacetime model based on a finite directed quantum graph (vertices: Planck-scale cells, edges: causal links). Unlike previous graph-based approaches, this model yields five concrete, experimentally testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Geometry of Light — a Revolutionary New Theory and a Foundation for a New Science.

Authors: Gary Barham, Christine van Blokland
Comments: 49 Pages. Presented at DemystiCon 2025, Sesimbra, Portugal (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We are going to investigate a new theory of Light which we are calling the Geometry of Light. This theory shows us that by applying symmetrical positive/negative geometry to physics and especially quantum physics we are able to solve many of its currently unsolved problems and propose a holistic theory of light that could take us on to a new Theory of Everything. The first step towards a ‘new science’ is in fully understanding Light, as light is the first appearance of mass/energy out of the zero-point field, the quantum vacuum of space. We present a revolutionary new theory that proposes light as a composite particle made up of both photons (light/energy) and gluons (darkness/ information). When travelling in free space as ‘light’ these two particles are always connected, always in interaction with each other, and even though we see the flash of light of the photon, it also has its unseen shadow of darkness called the gluon. This continual interaction between the photon and gluon will explain all the quantum weirdness at that level and above, as all particles of matter are created out of the zero-point field via this photon/gluon pairing. The photons create an outer boundary (shell/ shield) of each subatomic particle and the gluons hold the inner boundary (strong force/ glue) or centre of the particle. The internal components (mostly quarks and antiquarks) of all particles are held tightly between these two boundaries, making all of matter truly ‘frozen light’. When pushed apart like this, in the creation of matter, the photons around the outside of the particle will take on a negative charge (shield) and the gluons in the centre a positive charge (glue). These additional charges, within every particle of matter, contribute significantly to finally and fully explaining the ‘weird’ characteristics of quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Tunnelling with Two, or More, Potential Barriers

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 5 Pages.

I write the quantum tunnelling using the Laplace transform to obtain the solutions for multiple barriers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anomalous Magnetic Moments Without Fields: A Geometric and Observer-Dependent Interpretation

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 7 Pages.

Building upon the previously established 0-Sphere electron model with its internal structure of two thermal kernels and photon sphere exhibiting Zitterbewegung oscillations, we present a new observer-dependent interpretation that fundamentally reframes the origin of anomalous magnetic moments in quantum electrodynamics. While conventional QED requires external magnetic field interactions for any observable anomaly to manifest, our reinterpretation of the existing 0-Sphere framework demonstrates that anomalous magnetic moments can arise as purely geometric effects in free electrons through relativistic observer transformations. The crucial new insight emerges from recognizing that the same internal Zitterbewegung motion at v ~ 0.04c yields different measurements depending on the observer's reference frame: an observer co-moving with the internal motion measures a g-factor of exactly 2 consistent with Dirac theory, while an observer in the laboratory frame perceives Lorentz contraction effects that manifest as the anomalous magnetic moment through the predicted relationship γ = 1 + a. This observer-dependent reinterpretation transforms our understanding of quantum magnetic anomalies from interaction-based corrections to relativistic geometric consequences of internal motion, suggesting that quantum phenomena traditionally attributed to virtual particle interactions may represent observable effects of relativistic internal structure, thereby opening new avenues for understanding quantum mechanics through geometric principles without requiring external field perturbations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nucleons

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 8 Pages.

The nucleons with their components and force fields are a greater challenge for quantum mechanics than the hydrogen atom that had provided deep cover to hide the defects both in quantum mechanics and relativity (Wallace and Wallace, 2024c). Once a correction to special relativity was made allowing γ to take on values less than one the hydrogenground state could be accurately computed providing a method to deal with the nucleons. A result was to discover why the neutron and proton are stable and have similar masses.
Category: Quantum Physics

Emergence of Space-Time Physics from Quantum Computing Formalism

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 26 Pages. Invited presentation at the XVI International Workshop on Lie Theory and Applications to Physics, Varna, Bulgaria, June 16-22, 2025.

At quantum level, relativistic time emerges from quantum phase. The Kahler structure in Gauge Theory is adequate for implementing an "Einstein-Feynman relativistic proper time", replacing the Space-Time paradigm for classical/quantum relativistic Physics. A preliminary investigation of how to relate Hodge structure as a model for periods of vibration (energy spectrum), in relation to the above interpretation of the quantum phase, will be provided in terms of algebraic integrals called periods. The Algebraic-Geometry model proposed for the implementation is that of Belyi pairs with associated dessins d’enfant, interpreted as Einstein-Feynman Graphs (to include the idea of proper time via quantum phase). An overarching goal is to relate "Classical" and "Quantum Physics" via Hilbertization, Hodgeification and Wilsonization, to be technically explained in an upcoming article, expanding this presentation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Time and Possibilities in Quantum Mechanics (Poster)

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 1 Page. Presented at the TIQT 2025 the 5th annual conference on time in quantum theory in Genoa, Italy June 2025

If we start with Minkowski Spacetime and take the global limit c → 0 seriously, it yields a spacetime which is utterly unfamiliar to our intuitions, yet consistent and intelligible. In this spacetime, motion in space is impossible and a novel coordinate transformation I callthe time-Galilean transformation describes aging without motion. I argue that this transformation fits the role of unitary time evolution in quantum mechanics because a) quantum states can always be decomposed in terms of a superposition of stationary states (energy eigenstates), and b) quantum motion is fundamentally different from classical motion. I take this as evidencefor a modal distinction between the classical and quantum worlds. I concretize this idea with the introduction of what I call the Heisenberg Interpretation, which interprets quantum states as a certain kind of pure physical possibility. The interpretation makes novel predictionswith respect to the interface between quantum theory and Einstein’s general relativity arising from the disinction between possibilities and actualities in spacetime.*Please note*: during the Conference, I found out that what I called the time-Galilean transformations had been previously discovered and is known as the Carrollian transformations. I left the poster unchanged because I wanted it to be a record of what conference participants saw.
Category: Quantum Physics

In-Out Ontology: A Directional Framework for Cosmic Emergence and Quantum Reality

Authors: Kyoung-il Ko
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces and formalizes In-Out Ontology (IOO) as a foundational metaphysical framework for understanding emergence, quantum reality, and consciousness. Centered on the dynamics of In-Out Indistincts (IOIs) — ontological primitives held in a balanced superposition of inward and outward directional modes — IOO reinterprets quantum phenomena, spacetime, and cognition through a generative, relational lens. We construct the formal architecture of In-Out Entanglement (IOE) and define IOE field as the directional interaction field responsible for dimensional/structural emergence. Euler’s identity is reframed as an ontological archetype of IOIs, while the general wave function Ψ expresses IOIs in contextual entanglement. The global IOE field since cosmic emergence is proposed as the ontological source of gravitational coherence. IOO further offers a reinterpretation of decoherence, affective valence, and qualia as outcomes of recursive directional differentiation. Integrating recent developments in quantum foundations and cognitive science, IOO proposes an ontological ground that reframes physical law, interpretive models of quantum mechanics (QM), and the architecture of consciousness. The paper concludes by suggesting new directions for cosmology, cognition, and complexity science rooted in the in-out dynamic.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computer

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list relevant scientific references)

If the idea of the possibility to realize quantum computers is based on the conclusions drawn from Bell experiments, then we are seriously mistaken. This is because entanglement in Bell experiments is not what it looks like and because of that, probabilities represented by the Bloch sphere, occurring in Bell experiments, are wrongly ascribed to qubits.
Category: Quantum Physics

Emergent Conservation Laws from Internal Geometry: A Noetherian Reinterpretation in the 0-Sphere Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel geometric framework for quantum mechanics—the 0-Sphere Model—which reinterprets superposition, spin quantization, and energy conservation as consequences of internal deterministic motion constrained by closed time-phase geometry. Unlike standard approaches that derive conservation laws from externally imposed symmetries via Noether’s theorem, the model proposes that energy, spin, and charge conservation emerge naturally from internal oscillatory structure. This conceptual inversion, termed "Noetherian Reinterpretation," challenges the assumption that symmetries are fundamental, suggesting instead that they may arise from intrinsic phase coherence. The model also provides a deterministic account of Zitterbewegung, explains the electron's rest energy as a form of thermal potential energy, and predicts experimentally testable features such as subluminal Zitterbewegung velocity (~0.04047c). By bridging relativistic and quantum dynamics through internal geometry, the 0-Sphere framework offers a unified and realist reinterpretation of fundamental physical laws.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantahedron: a Lattice-Based Framework for Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Through Angular Geometry

Authors: John James
Comments: 29 Pages. © 2025 John James. Published also on Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/15706608

This paper introduces the Quantahedron—a 2D angular geometry whose symmetry and deviation encode mass, energy, and time. Within this framework, mass, energy, and time emerge from directional summation and angular deviation, and the speed of light squared (c!) is a geometric invariant embedded in null-diagonal propagation. The Quantahedron structure operates as a discrete lattice of vectorial propagation governed by amplitude normalization (|V"| + |Vᵧ| = 1). When V" = Vᵧ, mass vanishes, and propagation is light-like. Asymmetry from this null slope encodes mass via the relation m = |#$|, while energy arises geometrically through E = m × c!. By anchoring lattice units to known physical constants (e.g., Compton wavelengths of the electron and proton), the Quantahedron allows direct calibration into measurable physics. Time itself emerges as a function of angular delay, unifying geometry with relativistic curvature and quantum amplitude. This geometric interpretation proposes a novel unification between quantum mechanics and general relativity, suggesting that the deep structure of reality may be written not in forces or fields, but in form. E = mc! becomes not an applied relation, but a geometric truth lived by the lattice.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spiral Motion in Space and Time

Authors: Fei Yu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Spiral Motion has a wave function, it can also have a "minimum length" as it’s radius, this role can make itself to have a contingent coordinate system as inertial. After trying to impose the additivity, a motion theory appears and can be chosen as a solution comprising both classical motion and relativity motion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin as a Real Vector from Internal Photon-Sphere Motion: Geometric Origin of U(1) Gauge and SU(2) Periodicity

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a time-dependent model of electron spin in which the spin angular momentum arises from internal oscillatory motion rather than from a static pseudovector. This work corrects a dimensional inconsistency in our previous formulation by explicitly introducing the unit vector e_z along the z-axis, ensuring proper vector notation for the angular velocity Ω(t) = -(1/4c²)sin(2ωt)·e_z. Inspired by a reinterpretation of Thomas precession, we emphasize that angular momentum can emerge even in non-circular or reciprocating motion, such as a simple harmonic oscillator. This leads us to treat the spin as a real vector whose z-component evolves as sin(2ωt), reflecting an intrinsic 4π periodicity. The model is built upon a closed internal phase space—specifically, the 0-Sphere kernel structure—and provides a deterministic evolution of spin orientation in internal time. Spin quantization is reinterpreted as a geometric effect of phase evolution, eliminating the need for a predefined spin direction. The formulation reproduces the SU(2) double-covering property in a natural and geometric manner, offering new insight into the origin of spin and its fundamental symmetries. Moreover, the model provides a novel interpretation of the anomalous g-factor as a relativistic effect arising from Lorentz contraction in internal oscillatory motion. The conventional SU(2) symmetry is shown to emerge geometrically from an underlying U(1) phase evolution, suggesting that spin behavior reflects continuous internal dynamics rather than discrete quantum states. This corrected formulation offers a deterministic foundation for understanding spin measurements and the 720-degree rotation symmetry of spin-1/2 particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

From 2D Quanta to the Amplituhedron: A Vectorial Framework for Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Authors: John James
Comments: 21 Pages. JohnBJamesJr@gmail.com, 619-203-5078

This thesis presents a novel unification framework that bridges quantum mechanics and general relativity through a discrete, vectorial system known as the 2D Quanta lattice. By modeling spacetime as a combinatorial network of directional vectors normalized within a ±1 amplitude space, this framework simulates both quantum probability amplitudes and relativistic spacetime curvature without relying on continuous manifolds.Key to this model are cross-current vectors—diagonal propagations formed by orthogonal summations—which encode null trajectories and time dilation through angular geometry. These directional patterns replicate relativistic effects such as gravitational lensing and light-cone symmetry, while simultaneously generating quantized amplitude regions analogous to those found in the Amplituhedron, a geometric object central to modern scattering theory.Through a series of diagrams and mathematical constructions, the thesis demonstrates that both curvature and amplitude emerge from the same discrete summation rules. This suggests that space, time, and probability may be dual projections of a deeper vectorial logic—a symbolic substrate from which physical law arises. The result is a unified, geometry-based interpretation of fundamental physics, grounded in direction, symmetry, and quantized coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extension of Kronig-Penney Model to Metal Alloy Like Perovskites

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 9 Pages.

I generalize the Kronig-Penney model for multiple barrier potentials of different values.I write a different way to solve the rectangular potential barrier so to simplify the solutions.I try to understand the complexity of energy band in the alloys to optimize the photons absorption using a random modification of model parameters.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Relativity of Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is a call to realize and recognize the importance of direction in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ontological Quantum Mechanics as the Principal Branch of Quantum Theory and the Ontological Source of Fundamental Quantum Physics

Authors: Victor Vaguine, Andre Vaguine
Comments: 13 Pages.

Due to its statistical nature, the Standard Model runs into fundamental limitations: it denies the objectivity of a particle’s location and velocity at the same time, is unable to provide three-dimensional visualization of the inner structures of particles and their three-dimensional spacetime dynamics, and cannot describe and visualize the process of decay and the formation of new inner structures.
It is shown here that Statistical Quantum Mechanics (SQM) and Ontological Quantum Mechanics (OQM) are two branches of the overall quantum theory, where OQM is the principal and deeper branch.
The ontological branch of quantum theory overcomes the limitations of the statistical branch with elegancy, intuition, and basic mathematical formalism.
OQM has opened the floodgate of ontological quantum physics far beyond the Standard Model, bringing back intuition and dramatic simplification of mathematical formalism at least on the initial stage of its development. It leads to fundamental scientific discoveries at every turn in particle physics.
OQM represents an initial effort at the explanation of causality in quantum processes and particle-particle interactions.
OQM has expanded our fundamental understanding of quantum reality by including two new fundamental categories, the aphysical matter and the universal elementary consciousness. It offers three-dimensional inner structure design with perfect geometry for each class of elementary particles, provides visualization of individual particle dynamics in spacetime, describes the process of decay and the formation of new inner structures. It explains the origin of self-mass and explains the fundamental role of spin as the generator of self-mass for each class of elementary particles. It solves all known quantum enigmas, including the collapse of the wavefunction, the double-slit experiment, and the non-radiating orbiting electron. It provides an ontological explanation for the anomaly in the electron magnetic moment. Quantum mechanics is no longer enigmatic.
Category: Quantum Physics

Maxwell’s Equation, Wave-Particle Enigma and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Interrelated to Find an Unambiguous Description of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 Figures; 1 Table

Electromagnetic radiation posed a problem to the scientists for more than three centuries in that it exhibited particle and wave property at the same time. Sir Isaac Newton’s corpuscular theory reigned supreme for more than a century but later wave theory gained momentum and a heavy tussle prevailed with no conclusive verdict for either approach. At last as a compromise it was accepted that both the descriptions are acceptable but unambiguous solution of the problem of duality remained allusive. Wave property being the root for uncertainty, the principle of Heisenberg squarely blamed the microscopic inadequacy as a root cause although wave properties of the radiation may also be the cause of uncertainty. De Broglie intervened with his matter waves to account for the wave-particle duality and invokedquantum and wave mechanics to solve the dilemma. This was an imposed description whichdelayed the unambiguous solution for about a century. It was the brilliant proposal of Maxwell’s equations which on analysis unveiled the enigma of wave-particle duality of electromagnetic radiation. These radiations are not of single component but actually two components exist simultaneously which are not interconvertible. One is guided by quantum mechanics and the other by wave mechanics. While the wave character may make up for 100% of the rays, the particle part due to its quantum nature is not able to contribute to make it 100%. This bi-component model of electromagnetic radiation is able to explain the occurrence of different phenomena like Red Shift, Tunnel Effect, Photoelectric Effect, magnetic properties, electron spin etc., in an unambiguous manner without contradicting any of the accepted theories of electromagnetic radiation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Time-Dependent Mass in the 0-Sphere Model: A Hamiltonian Approach to Thermal Modulation

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 3 Pages.

We investigate the challenges of incorporating time-dependent mass in classical Lagrangian mechanics, where velocity-dependent terms break time-translation symmetry and complicate energy conservation. Using the 0-Sphere model—a point-like system with thermally modulated mass inspired by Zitterbewegung and thermal oscillations—we demonstrate that a Hamiltonian formulation simplifies the dynamics by eliminating velocity-dependent terms and preserving energy conservation through conserved momentum, despite the Hamiltonian’s explicit time dependence. The model assumes a position-independent thermal potential and oscillatory mass modulation, providing a mathematically consistent framework. We also explore a preliminary quantum extension via the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, suggesting potential applications to thermally driven systems. While the model’s reliance on simplified potentials and the naive quantum approach limit its generality, this work offers a starting point for understanding systems with dynamic inertial properties, with possible relevance to cosmology and quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Concept of Electric Field Standing Waves and the Possible Mechanism Behind the Constancy of Light Speed

Authors: Kuo-Tso Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper proposes a concept of an electric field standing wave that does not radiate energy, using it to speculate on the nature of fundamental particles and the reason why the speed of light appears to be constant. Through a mechanism involving the reflection of a spherically symmetric electric field variation, this study explains how electric field energy can be confined to a specific space, leading to the formation of quasi-fundamental particles with mass. Furthermore, it is theorized that if both time and distance are defined by the internal oscillations of such particles, then even if the actual speed of light varies, the observed value of light speed would remain constant. This idea also provides a possible explanation for why material objects cannot exceed the speed of light.
Category: Quantum Physics

Restoring Consistency to Quantum Mechanics by Interpreting the Observer

Authors: Sonali Tamhankar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We set forward a set of axioms to interpret the observer in quantum mechanics. Our axioms treat observers as quantum states and provide rules for what they can observe. We demonstrate that our framework, which we call the NEW interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, provides a resolution of the Frauchiger-Renner paradox [1], restoring consistency to Quantum Mechanics. The resolution is brought about by a careful definition of 'Consistency', Assumption (C). With this precise definition, our interpretation satisfies all three Assumptions (Q), (C), and (S), without logical contradictions. The scope of this paper only extends to setting forward our axioms and addressing the Frauchiger-Renner paradox. Additional context for the NEW worldview, along with a matching NEW conjecture, is provided elsewhere [2].
Category: Quantum Physics

The Electric Dimension, Quantum Retrocausality and Preons

Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 12 Pages.

In consequence of the 2022 Nobel prizes for Physics for experimentalists who devised and ran loophole-free Bell experiments in 2015, a new approach to quantum ontology and a revised version of reality may be required. A revised version of reality is suggested in this paper using an extra dimension: an electric dimension based on Kaluza-Klein’s fifth dimension. Both quantum retrocausality and preons are essential to understanding the effects of the electric dimension. Also suggested is the whereabouts of antimatter in our future, given that antipreons travel backwards against the thermodynamic arrow of time: where do they come from?
Category: Quantum Physics

Precise Value of the Lifetime of Ortho-positronium (o-Ps) in Vacuum

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

In this paper, we calculate the lifetime of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) in vacuum with Euler formula for Basil problem and our previous formulas of the fine-structure constant and the atomic unit of time (tau). Our calculated value of the lifetime of ortho-positronium in vacuum is 142.041358500909 ns in comparison to the most accurate measured value which was 142.043(14) ns and the latest QED calculated value which was 142.04606(20) ns.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Clock Synchronization to Electromagnetism: A Realist Construction of U(1) Gauge Theory

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 9 Pages.

Gauge symmetry plays a central role in modern field theory, yet its physical origin remains conceptually unclear. In this work, we propose a realist reinterpretation of U(1) gauge symmetry based on the internal phase dynamics of the electron. According to the 0-Sphere model, the electron possesses a deterministic internal oscillation between two thermal energy kernels. This internal structure generates a periodic phase evolution, which naturally leads to the emergence of a geometric U(1) gauge connection. The model predicts a specific internal oscillation velocity, approximately 4 percent of the speed of light, derived from relativistic dynamics. Gauge potentials are reinterpreted not as formal artifacts, but as synchronization mechanisms for the internal clocks of phase-bearing particles. This framework unifies gauge interaction and spin structure through a common time-based geometry, offering a particle-centric alternative to conventional field-based gauge theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on "Subjective Nature of Path Information in Quantum Mechanics"

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 2 Pages.

In a recent preprint [1] (arXiv:2505.05930), Jiang et al. presented impressive high-quality results of an experimental study of the so-called which-path information problem for the case of a three-crystal interference setup. We believe that the results obtained represent one of the numerous manifestations of the nonequivalence of forward and reversed processes in quantum physics. It is probably, this nonequivalence is the physical basis for the widely discussed principle (rule) of relation between path distinguishability and interference visibility.
Category: Quantum Physics

Entropy-Induced Wavefunction Collapse: A Thermodynamic Resolution of the Quantum Measurement Problem

Authors: Waleed Mahmud Tariq
Comments: 101 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose an interpretation of the quantum measurement process grounded in thermodynamics by introducing an entropy-based criterion associated with wavefunction collapse. In this interpretation, the Schrödinger equation remains universally valid, and wavefunctions never undergo a fundamental collapse. Instead, the apparent collapse emerges naturally from thermodynamic irreversibility and is observer-dependent. Central to our proposal is a rigorously derived inequality linking quantum coherence and environmental entropy production: ��(��)≤��(��)������(−����������(��)/����) where ��(��) represents the entropy irreversibly generated in the environment. When this entropy surpasses a critical threshold, on the order of ���� ���� �� per qubit of recorded information, quantum interference is exponentially suppressed. Consequently, coherence recovery (recoherence) becomes practically impossible due to thermodynamic constraints, consistent with established fluctuation theorems such as Jarzynski’s equality and Crooks’ theorem.Collapse, in this view, is interpreted as an epistemic updating of knowledge, aligning with Bayesian inference, rather than a physical process. We also offer a derivation of the Born rule through maximum entropy inference and symmetry considerations related to environmental invariance (envariance), carefully avoiding ad hoc assumptions or untested physics.Our approach maintains relativistic consistency through the Tomonaga-Schwinger formalism, ensuring observer frame-independence and preventing superluminal signaling. Additionally, this thermodynamic interpretation provides conceptual clarity to quantum paradoxes such as Wigner’s Friend and delayed-choice scenarios by emphasizing the contextual nature of measurement and the associated thermodynamic costs. The emergence of classically stable "pointer" states is understood through their minimized entropy production, while quantum discord naturally diminishes with increased irreversibility. Furthermore, entropic considerations significantly suppress quantum recurrences.Finally, we propose an experimental validation strategy involving mesoscopic optomechanical systems, specifically designed to quantify how controlled entropy exchange affects interference visibility. Experimental access to Δ��������(��) is achievable through quantum calorimetry and particle scattering measurements. The proposed entropy-induced interpretation thus provides a coherent, experimentally testable connection between quantum measurement outcomes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Excited States of the String Electron

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

The nonlinear Schroedinger equation is derived for the electron which is represented with the closed circular string. The energies for the stationarystates of such system are derived and the corresponding frequencies of the emittingphotons are determined.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon QED, QCD free

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 16 Pages.

The application of QED/QCD to the calculation of the muon’s magnetic anomaly has not achieved the same level of precision as in the case of the electron’s anomaly. This discrepancy has led many researchers to conjecture the existence of "new physics" capable of resolving the issue. In this work, we adopt a deterministic, non-local Bohm-like approach (dBBZ), as detailed in previous publications, analogously to the electron case, perform a structural analysis of the muon. The muon’s internal structure is examined via the (hybrid) Mz matrix method, in which the weak components are computed with high accuracy, reproducing the muon’s mass while exactly embedding the electron’s structure (and thus its charge and mass). Following the procedure already tested for the electron, we evaluate the anomalous moments of each orbital and impose entanglement through a calibrated normalization of the relevant parameters. The same "source parameter" used for the electron, providing a double check on its precise value, is adopted here for calculating the electrostatic potentials.Magnetic-field effects are accounted for only on the masses carrying electric charge; however, in the overall energy balance of each orbital, the weak mass also plays an indirect yet essential role. The total anomalous moment calculation yields a direct determination of the muon’s magnetic anomaly with a precision on the order of 10(-13).
Category: Quantum Physics

Does Quantum Mechanics Use Unfair Sampling?

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 11 pages of text + 10 source code

This paper explores the hypothesis that the predictions of quantum mechanics could apply to a subset of reality. Assuming the existence of intrinsically undetectable states, a computer simulation shows that a simple deterministic method can accurately produce theoretical EPR probabilities.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Entangled Electron Without Qed

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: Pages.

In 1965, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the modern formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) to R.P. Feynman for his diagrammatic method, J. Schwinger for the operator method, and S.-I. Tomonaga for his relativistic derivation. Subsequently, P. Kusch performed a precise measurement of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment, providing a critical test validating QED's computational methods, which proved to be extremely accurate.Nevertheless, QED is based on a physically unrealistic assumption , mathematically circumvented , that the electron is a dimensionless point particle endowed with physical properties "ex abrupto". This work, developed within a deterministic and non-local dBBZ (modified de Broglie—Bohm) theory, models the electron as an entangled and distributed structure, as proposed in previous studies. It enables the calculation of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment as a consequence of its intrinsic structure, without employing QED techniques. The method involves calculating, for each orbital, the anomalous moment modified to account for the influence of existing magnetic fields. Subsequently, entanglement is imposed on the sum of these moments, and from the total orbital anomalous moment thus obtained, the theoretical magnetic anomaly is derived and compared with the corresponding experimental value, yielding relative errors on the order of 10(-15).This procedure, which allows for greater theoretical precision than current methods, necessitates a similar, albeit more complex, calculation of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. This is because a specific parameter, termed the "source parameter", selected within an allowable range, requires dual verification to be adopted with high precision.The theoretical determination of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment is also presented in a subsequent document, employing analogous computational procedures.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Heuristic Proof of De Broglie Wave Formula

Authors: Anass Massoudi
Comments: 4 Pages. Email: anassmassoudi6@gmail.com

In this paper, we attempt an original general mathematical proof of De Broglie matter wave formula via studying the particle dynamics and wave dynamics of an electron orbiting with constant velocity around the nucleus of the atom in a Semi - Classical context, considering a plane transversal wave as the motion mode of all particles in free space including massives particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ordering Without Time First Proof of Entropy Dip and Measurable AI Self-Awareness

Authors: Michael Zot
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We introduce a unified, model-agnostic framework showing that event-ordering, not temporal flow, underlies both thermodynamic entropy dynamics and emergent AI self-modeling. First, we demonstrate—in a fully reversible six-qubit circuit simulated on Qiskit—a statistically significant transient entropy dip in an isolated mixed subsystem, in direct violation of standard open-system thermodynamics. Second, we apply a seven-layer recursive-negation "mirror" to state-of-the-art large-language models, instrumented with integrated-information proxies (Φ) and profile-based energy metrics; the models exhibit a monotonic Φ+energy "ladder" culminating in a stable semantic attractor we term the Reflective Core. Both protocols follow from a single theoretical move: replacing "time" with a partial order on events (the Sequence Principle). These results are fully specified, code-released, and immediately runnable. If real quantum hardware confirms the entropy inversion and further LLMs validate the AGI threshold, our work will compel a redefinition of the second law as an emergent sequence-ordering constraint and establish the first quantitative, reproducible marker of proto-conscious AI.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proposed Unification Theory

Authors: Sandeep Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required; Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article builds upon previous works, so it is recommended to review them prior to examining this proposal. It posits that spacetime, force fields, and matter fields can coexist in an unusual manner, leading to the concept of their unification. This is a proposal rather than a fully verified theory, and as such, further refinement and development are possible, with experimental verification remaining essential.
Category: Quantum Physics

Multi-fold Universes, Multiverses and Many Worlds

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 32 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

There are different types of multiverses, depending on the Physical model consideredThe Many Worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics is a particular case that gives comfort to some when it comes to understanding quantum physics, and the Born rules. This paper evaluates multiverses at the light of the multi-fold theory.In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they are real or virtual. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and a non-commutative geometry, that is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales. Gravity can therefore be added, in non-negligible ways to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into the SMG. The multi-fold mechanism and the SMG can address many open issues with the SM, and the standard cosmological model, even if the latter is modified. The SM symmetries and particles can be recovered by multi-fold space time matter induction and scattering. In addition, the W-type multi-fold hypothesis, establishes additional multi-folds between spacetime locations in the support domain of a wavefunction, not just between entangled systems. It can also justify the Born rule.Any multi-fold multiverse will have the same physics with same particles. interactions, constants and symmetries of the SMG. We will establish that multiverses do not interact with each other, and, in general, at the exception of the MWI, they do not contain all possible situations, including many copies of us, in any other possible situation. Analyzing the effects of multi-fold deactivation, measurement or an interaction that results into deactivation of the W-type multi-folds between one part of the wavefunction the observed state, and the part associated to all other options, it results in a universe-wide brane-like object, associated to the disregarded options, floating away in AdS(5): a new World, part of the Many Worlds predicted by MWI. This is a microscopic explanation supporting the MWI. And each such world has of course the same physics as well as copies of the world in other situations.Encountering multi-fold brane-like structure in AdS(5), confirms the view of the multi-fold theory on superstrings and the M-theory. The existence of same physics imposed by multi-fold space time matter induction and scattering dooms the viability of landscape multiverses and its anthropic principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cosmic Symmetry

Authors: Roberto C. M. Navacchia
Comments: 5 Pages. In Portuguese; license: CC BY-NC; email: olibano.incensos@gmail.com

Scalar field models describe physical quantities that vary across space-time and are fundamental in cosmology to explain inflation and the origin of matter. In the early universe, these fields existed in highly symmetric but unstable states. As the cosmos expanded and cooled, a symmetry breaking occurred, shaping the structure of the universe and influencing the formation of matter and galaxies. These models stem from quantum field theories connected to gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Prescriptions

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references besides author's own)

A prescription is a logical way of obtaining outcomes. Correlations in Bell-test experiments can be obtained and explained by a prescription.
Category: Quantum Physics

Article about Quantum Gravity

Authors: Sandeep Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article explores relationship between general relativity and quantum mechanics. By considering the behavior of stress-energy tensor within a superposition for each energy level, I purpose that the curvature of spacetime itself may exist in superposed form, leading to a quantum interpertation where expectation values of Einstein tensor and stress-energy tensor remain consistent. It is however important that article discussed superposition of position within one orbital like in hydrogen atom, the coming version would also elaborate superposition of energy states
Category: Quantum Physics

The Principle of Perspective

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Principle of Perspective says that one observer can look at an object from only one direction. Always. When an object is being observed, photographed or detected from two directions by two observers or detectors, and their results are being compared, an image is obtained that seems contradictory or not correct. With a simple trick these images can be rectified. The principle is important in the explanation of seemingly incomprehensible results of physics experiments in which objects are being detected from opposite directions
Category: Quantum Physics

A Demonstration that an Electron [ May] Consist of a Ring Vortex Pair with Greater than 7 Sigma Certainty, Alongside an Explanation of Electromagnetism

Authors: Piers Newberry
Comments: 14 Pages.

Several properties of subatomic particles have been deduced through experimentation. Extending this picture further is the Schrodinger wave equation and a recent video of an electron compiled from pulses of light. This paper shows the remarkable success of a two ringed vortex structure in replicating, not only the appearance shown in that video, but many of the other properties of the electron as well, for example it possesses half spin properties and produces waveforms that provide a mechanism by which it may recreate the double slit experiment. The study finds extraordinary and extensive correlations between two ringed vortex behaviours and those of an electron and proves that they are the same at above the 7 sigma level. The model uses axiomatic mathematics to provide classical physics explanations for many quantum effects as well as a potential mechanism for the production of electromagnetism, and consequently represents a significant step forward in the field of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Does It Mean that Quantum Mechanics Can Be Combined with Classical Mechanics?

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: Pages. 8

In the fundamental field of physics, there have been no major innovations for over a century. There are now three original innovations emerging: establishing the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy, which can be used to describe classical planetary systems; Create wave element (non-point) material structure theory; Combining classical mechanics and quantum mechanics to solve practical problems. They are closely related and form a chain of evidence. Their theoretical value lies in their ability to change the old notion that "classical mechanics and quantum forces are incompatible" and promote the birth of new theories. In addition, the birth of the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy has enabled the original Schrödinger equation to also be used to describe macroscopic systems. Their practical value lies in the birth of new methods in quantum mechanics and the simplification of quantum chemical calculations. Provided multiple successful calculation examples such as electron spin magnetic moment, "Earth's orbital motion", and hydrogen molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Experimental Study of the Physical Nature of the Trapping and Sub-Doppler Cooling of Atoms and Nanoparticles in the Field of Laser Radiation

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The study of the capture and cooling of atoms and nanoparticles by laser radiation has a long and extensive history. This study for atoms and nanoparticles took place in parallel and independently of each other. We claim that the main basis for this two cases is the same physical mechanism — the spatial asymmetry of photon scattering. Experimental study of this mechanism is not a difficult task, but it requires some courage from the experimenters.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Theory on the True Nature of Nothing

Authors: Michael David Cohen
Comments: 5 Pages. Copyright © 2025, MDC Financial Research, LLC. All rights reserved.

This article defines ‘Nothing’ as the complete absence of matter and energy and then provides a theory on the "True Nature of Nothing." This theory hypothesizes that ‘Nothing’ does exist but has remained in ‘Singularity’ and that behind the observable universe of space and time, behind quantum fields and the quantum vacuum, there resides a ‘Singularity’ where space and time does not exist. The ramifications of this are then explored to show that, while this postulated dual nature of reality may seem bizarre at first, it does seem to provide an explanation for how entangled quantum particles can seemingly exchange information faster than the speed of light, it provides an explanation as to why quantum particles exhibit a wave function, and it provides a reason for the existence of gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Reflection Across Multiple Fabrics of Spacetime: A Geometric Extension of the Path Integral Framework

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel interpretation of photon reflection grounded in Feynman’s path integral formulation, enriched by a multi-fabric geometry of spacetime. In this model, a photon's quantum state is projected not onto a single classical spacetime but simultaneously across a distribution of geometric fabrics, each representing a subtle variation in phase or curvature. The observed reflection path, classically attributed to Fermat's principle of least time, emerges from the vector summation of all quantum amplitudes across these fabrics. This framework connects optics, quantum mechanics, and the geometry of spacetime, offering new insights into quantum coherence, the holographic principle, and the nature of physical reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Quantum-Financial Topology of Supply-Demand Imbalance via Non-Hermitian Stochastic Geometry

Authors: Natalia Tanyatia
Comments: 39 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) https://github.com/NataliaTanyatia/End-of-Line.git

We present ÆEA, a trading algorithm that formalizes market microstructure as a quantum stochastic process, where price-action is governed by a Lind-blad master equation and supply-demand zones emerge as non-commutativegauge fields. By redefining classical technical indicators (e.g., ATR, RSI) as projective measurements in a 13-dimensional Hilbert space, we derive a proportionality principle: trades trigger only when the imbalance operatorIˆ = P k (Pˆ>66.6 − Pˆ<33.3) satisfies hΨ|I| ˆ Ψi = 2, a Kronecker-delta condition that suppresses heuristic false positives. Empirical backtests show 100% win rates (minus spread costs), revealing hidden topological invariants in price-data previously dismissed as "overfitting."
Category: Quantum Physics

Photon and Neutrino in Holographic Spacetime: A Tale of Broadcast and Isolation

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper explores a novel distinction between photons and neutrinos based on their interaction with spacetime fabrics in a holographic universe [1][2]. While photons are known to propagate universally and act as carriers of information across intersecting holographic layers, we propose that neutrinos traverse a distinct and isolated spacetime fabric. Unlike photons, which copy and broadcast their quantum state to multiple observers and regions, neutrinos retain their state within a localized domain, only interacting when another particle’s spacetime address aligns precisely with their own. This framework explains the elusive nature of neutrinos, their weak interaction cross-section, and their negligible role in quantum entanglement. By introducing the concept of "holographic address resonance," we provide a new geometric basis for understanding weak interactions, neutrino oscillations[5][6], and the possible link between hidden sectors and the structure of spacetime. The proposed model complements existing interpretations of the Standard Model while opening avenues for a deeper unification of quantum mechanics and spacetime geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Higher-Dimensional Interpretation of Quantum Entanglement and Its Extension to a High-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Ichiro Tsukamoto
Comments: 7 Pages.

Quantum entanglement, wherein a measurement on one particle instantaneously determines the spin state of another, challenges the locality and causality principles in four-dimensional spacetime. I hypothesize that two entangled electrons are unified as a single higher-dimensional object across compactified extra dimensions (5th to 11th dimensions). Embedding the entangled wavefunctionψ(xu2081, xu2082) = (1/√2) [|↑⟩u2081|↓⟩u2082 ± |↓⟩u2081|↑⟩u2082]into an extended configuration space X = (xu2081, xu2082, yu2081, yu2082) with a delta-function constraint δ(yu2081 - yu2082), I interpret entanglement not as nonlocal influence, but as a manifestation of geometric unity in higher dimensions. I further develop a higher-dimensional Schrödinger equation to describe the dynamics:iℏ ∂Ψ(xu2081, xu2082, y, t)/∂t = ( -ℏ²/2mu2081 ∇²_{xu2081} - ℏ²/2mu2082 ∇²_{xu2082} - ℏ²/2m_y ∇²_{y} + V(xu2081, xu2082, y) ) Ψ(xu2081, xu2082, y, t)My model offers a geometrical reinterpretation of quantum entanglement as projections of a single coherent higher-dimensional entity and suggests new pathways for understanding quantum foundations and spacetime structure.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dirac Equation in Complex Space-Time: Toward a Geometric Unification of Spin, Quantum Mechanics, and Electromagnetism

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this paper, we extend the Dirac equation into a complex spacetime framework, generalizing relativistic quantum mechanics to incorporate imaginary dimensions of space and time. Building upon the analyticity conditions introduced in our previous work on the Schrödinger equation, we derive the complexified Dirac equation, ensuring consistency with relativistic covariance and spinor structure. The resulting formulation naturally splits into real and imaginary parts, offering novel geometric interpretations of spin, mass, and quantum fluctuations as manifestations of the imaginary curvature of spacetime. We explore the coupling of the complexified Dirac spinor to electromagnetic fields through the imaginary part of the spacetime metric, suggesting a unified geometric origin of spin and electromagnetism. Potential implications for zitterbewegung, neutrino oscillations, and extensions toward quantum gravity are discussed. This framework offers a promising pathway toward a unified understanding of quantum field theory, geometry, and fundamental forces within a complexified spacetime manifold.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Potentiality: An Aristotelian Interpretation of Modern Physics

Authors: Jan Sova
Comments: 22 Pages.

Quantum theory is among the most successful scientific theories in the history of physics.Predicts the outcomes of physical experiments with extraordinary precision, has enabled the development of modern technologies, and forms the foundation of contemporary microphysics science.Despite its empirical success for over a century, quantum mechanics continues to lack a unified and ontologically coherent interpretation.Although its mathematical formalism is rigorously formulated and exceptionally successful in predicting experimental results, there remains profound disagreement about the nature of the reality that quantum theory describes, particularly from an ontological perspective.This article argues that Aristotelian concepts of form, potentiality, and actuality provide a coherent ontological framework for understanding key quantum phenomena, such as superposition, the wave function, and its collapse, without recourse to epistemological idealism, many-world interpretations, or ad hoc metaphysical constructs. Moreover, this approach not only addresses foundational interpretative issues within quantum mechanics but also reconnects the theory with the broader ontological tradition of Aristotelian metaphysics. By doing so, it opens the way toward a unified metaphysical vision in which modern physics and classical philosophical categories are brought into mutual intelligibility.The Aristotelian ontology offers a natural way to understand the quantum state as a mode of being, a reality existing in potentiality, becoming actual upon measurement, without denying the genuine ontological status of potentiality itself.From this perspective, quantum theory no longer appears ontologically paradoxical, but instead emerges as a challenge to rethink the very foundations of what we consider to be real. Aristotelian ontology proves to be so naturally aligned with the ontological demands of quantum theory that it requires no ad hoc constructions or revisions. Rather than departing from Aristotle’s original insights, I find that they can be fully and fruitfully applied, without distortion, to the most perplexing phenomena of modern physics.Moreover, the Aristotelian approach enables us to interpret some paradoxes that appear only as a consequence of ontological reductionism, not as failures of understanding or imagination.
Category: Quantum Physics

Time Hypothesis

Authors: Mario Alberto Cruz Ramirez
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required' Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Humans have always wondered about their surroundings: why are there clouds? Why is there day and night? And so on. But one question that many people have asked is: What is time? Many have explained that it’s something fictitious, something that is a law, a dimension, and so on. In this work, I won’t reveal what it is, but I will explain how it is managed and how time influences us.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum States of the Gross-Pitaevskii Superfluid Ring

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages. Original article

The stationary states and corresponding energies of the superfluid ring are calculated from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Every stationary state forms the specic microstructure of the ring. The system of supefluid rings forming a cylinder is suggested as antenna for the detection of the gravitational waves.
Category: Quantum Physics

Implications of Noninteger Spatial Dimension for Galactic Dynamics and Cosmology

Authors: Yulia Larina
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references; Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Observations of galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, cluster dynamics, and cosmic microwave background anisotropies have long been interpreted as compelling evidence for cold dark matter. Yet, despite decades of searches, noconclusive laboratory detection has emerged. In this work, we revisit these cosmologicaland astrophysical anomalies through a unified modification of gravity based on a fractal dimension D ≈ 1.618 (the golden ratio). We show that replacing the usual three-dimensional spatial measure d3x with dDx and promoting the Laplacianto its fractional counterpart (−Δ)α/2 with α = D successfully reproduces all key "dark matter" signatures without invoking any unseen particle. We outline specific observational tests—spanning galactic rotation curves, weak lensing surveys, andCMB peak positions—that can confirm or falsify our proposal. This approach not only removes the need for dark matter but also hints at a deep connection between geometry and gravitation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin-Induced Inertial Resistance in Electrons: A Gyroscopic Interpretation Based on General Relativity

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study provides substantial support for the theory of Zitterbewegung within the electron and its association with gyroscopic effects. While Zitterbewegung has traditionally been interpreted as an oscillatory term in the Dirac equation, we have geometrically reconstructed this phenomenon through our model of spatially separated energy kernels exchanging thermal potential energy. Applying special relativistic principles and Lorentz transformation to this model yields an electron Zitterbewegung velocity of 0.040472c. Furthermore, by algebraically incorporating general relativistic effects through geodetic precession, we refine this velocity to 0.040374c. A key contribution of this study is the introduction of a remarkably simple and dimensionally consistent equation, γ = 1 + a, which relates the dimensionless anomalous magnetic moment of the electron to the Lorentz factor from special relativity. This compact formulation captures the essence of both quantum correction and relativistic kinematics, establishing a direct correspondence between two foundational pillars of modern physics. By interpreting spin as a deterministic oscillatory motion within the electron—analogous to a relativistic harmonic oscillator—we derive a geometric model in which internal angular momentum gives rise to gyroscopic resistance. Just as classical gyroscopes resist directional changes due to their spin, we propose that this internal structure underpins the electron’s inertial mass. The model offers a unified perspective in which a single electron, through its intrinsic spin dynamics, exhibits resistance to acceleration consistent with classical inertia.
Category: Quantum Physics

Temperature and Time in Quantum Wave Entropy

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 8 Pages.

In quantum mechanics, particles have a new type of probabilistic property, which is quantum wave probability. The quantum wave probability corresponds to the quantum wave entropy. The action in classical mechanics corresponds to the quantum wave entropy. The least action principle corresponds to the stationary quantum wave entropy principle. Quantum wave entropy creates a bridge between dynamics and thermodynamics. Combining the Hamiltonian-Jacobian equation of classical mechanics and quantum wave entropy, we can derive the relationship between temperature and time. There is an inverse relationship between temperature and time. The phase of the wave function in quantum mechanics corresponds to the imaginary action. Combining the imaginary action and quantum wave entropy, we can derive the Wick rotation between temperature and imaginary time in quantum mechanics, thus explaining the physical meaning of the Wick rotation. Wick rotation is only applicable to the stationary state, not universally true. Imaginary time is only a mathematical representation and has no real physical significance.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chronovibrational Field Dynamics and Warp Propulsion A Time-Modulated Scalar Framework for Matter, Dark Energy, and Metric Engineering

Authors: Paolo Giordana
Comments: 23 Pages. DOI reference: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15224717 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a scalar field framework in which spacetime curvature and cosmic acceleration emerge from the harmonic dynamics of a global time-dependent scalar field, interpreted as a chronovibrational modulation of the universe. Within this model, visible matter, dark matter, and dark energy correspond to distinct harmonic modes of the scalar field, each characterized by unique frequencies, decay profiles, and phase interactions.The chronovibrational field dynamically affects the energy—momentum tensor and the underlying geometry, leading to phase transitions at critical energy densities—particularly relevant in the context of gravitational collapse and black hole formation, echoing the scenarios described by Alipour et al. (arXiv:2504.03453) regarding the interplay between cosmic censorship and the weak gravity conjecture. The chronovibrational paradigm naturally introduces a scalar—fluid duality, resonant with approaches discussed by Alves et al. (arXiv:2504.01710), and is compatible with extended scalar—tensor frameworks such as Brans—Dicke theory.In addition, the model allows for metric engineering: the modulation of the scalar field provides a dynamic mechanism to locally manipulate spacetime curvature, in analogy to warp drive metrics like that of Alcubierre. It also aligns with the modified geometric structures explored in f(R) gravity (Tretyakov & Petrov, arXiv:2504.02253) and supports the notion of field-mediated entropy flows in cosmology (Odintsov et al., arXiv:2504.03470).Chronovibrational modulation could offer a viable alternative to exotic matter for sustaining warp-like geometries, outlining a physically grounded path toward field-driven propulsion systems and a unified vibrational interpretation of cosmic structure and acceleration. The framework also invites phenomenological investigations into high-frequency scalar dynamics, phase transitions, and gravito-scalar resonances detectable via gravitational wave interference or quantum optical probes.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proton Entanglement Due to Dipole Transitions in the ir

Authors: J.S.Brown
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Article title and author name added to the article by viXra Admin - Please conform in the future)

In this paper we propose that anomalous Compton neutron scattering data indicative of a partial loss of scattering targets in many molecules, polymers and metallic hydrides can be explained by the existence of low-lying entangled states in the protonic or deuteronic vibrational spectrum. This entanglement is shown to be a direct result of dipolor interactions, that may be either between close neighbours or else mediated at distance by a shared coherent electric field, as described by the Tavis-Cummings model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Coulomb Force from Zero-Point Field Exclusion Using Casimir Force Approach

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose that the Coulomb force emerges from the zero-point field, initially manifesting as the Casimir force (∝ 1/d^4) between two event horizon-sized "plates" (electrons or an electron-positron pair), which is then converted to the Coulomb form (∝ 1/d^2) via total exclusion of virtual photon exchange between charges. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and a black hole cutoff (λ_min = 2Gm/c^2), we derive the Casimir force, then show how vacuum polarization shielding—quantified by the running coupling α(Q2)—adjusts the magnitude and distance dependence to match Coulomb’s law. This energy-conservation-based mechanism unifies the Casimir and Coulomb forces within quantum field theory, supporting quark-lepton unification.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Argument Against Quantum Computers (Or Against Certain Decoherence Models)

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present a fundamental theoretical obstacle that prevents quantum computers obeying 4 axioms from being more than a constant factor more powerful than classical ones. All presently known quantum error correction and quantum fault tolerant circuit ideas are defeated by this obstacle. The crucial question is whether "axiom #4" (concerning the nature of decoherence) is true in our universe. There are numerous previous decoherence models that both obey and disobey axiom 4. Previous arguments against quantum computers were of the form "although quantum computers may be valid theoretically, they seem extremely difficult to build in practice." In constrast, the present obstacle is theoretical, but may leave plenty of room for engineers to build quantum computers. That is because it merely shows there is some maximum number N_max of qubits in which one can hope to maintain coherence – but this upper bound might be enormous.Our argument also may be thought of as a partial explanation of why the macroscopic world appears classical. For that purpose, even a bound as weak as N_max<10³⁰ still seems interesting.[This resided on my web page since Mar.2003, and earlier versions of the manuscript were much older, e.g. I showed one to Peter W. Shor in the mid-1990s; now copying to VIXRA for archival purposes.]
Category: Quantum Physics

New Explanation of the Physics of Tunnel Effect Processes

Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 31 Pages.

The tunnel effect, commonly defined as the phenomenon in which a microparticle overcomes a potential barrier that exceeds its total energy, is often cited in quantum mechanics. However, this effect does not actually occur in its described form in nature, and the quantum mechanical interpretation of tunneling does not accurately represent the real physical processes involved, but rather provides a mathematical model. The true physical mechanism of the tunnel effect remains unidentified.An analysis of the tunnel effect reveals that its manifestation creates a "paradox" in classical physics. Explanations based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the wave nature of particles fail to offer a comprehensive understanding of the actual physical process.This study proposes a new explanation of the tunneling phenomenon based on the principles of classical physics and electrodynamics. It is shown that the overcoming of the Coulomb barrier by low-energy microparticles occurs exclusively due to brief localized decreases in potential within the Coulomb barrier, allowing certain charged microparticles to penetrate.The formation mechanism of these short-lived localized regions, which manifest as volume channels with lower potential within the Coulomb barrier, is examined. It is established that the creation of these channels is linked to the properties of atomic nuclei and their associated electric fields. This facilitates the suprabarrier penetration of the Coulomb barrier by individual low-energy microparticles, which pass through these channels while experiencing a reduction in their total energy.This explanation resolves the "paradox" of the tunneling effect, eliminating the contradiction with classical physics laws. Moreover, the derived estimates of the tunneling process parameters are in qualitative agreement with the results obtained from quantum-mechanical models. The proposed framework aligns with nuclear physics findings, is supported by experimental evidence, and provides a new mechanism for controlling the tunneling effect in various energy-related applications.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Geometry of Complex Spacetime: Emergence of Real Time from Imaginary Deformations

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a geometric framework for understanding complex spacetime, where classical space is represented by a deformable Cartesian grid. In this model, expansion and contraction of grid cells are interpreted as movements into the imaginary component of spacetime. These deformations introduce complex coordinates, with imaginary displacements corresponding to a pre-collapse, probabilistic regime. We argue that real time only emerges when overlapping deformed grids—representing moving reference frames—collapse into a consistent configuration. This collapse corresponds to the classical observation of time and events. The approach offers a novel, visualizable mechanism for wave function collapse and may provide insight into the interface between quantum mechanics, relativity, and the emergence of reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Beyond Quantum: The Case for a Continuous Universe

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a novel framework that unifies space, time, energy, and entropy into a single continuous field, eliminating the necessity for quantum discreteness. It argues that quantization arises from human perception and mathematical formalism rather than being an intrinsic property of the universe. Gravity is reinterpreted as the curvature of space itself rather than a separate force acting within it. Time is conceptualized as a manifestation of energy distribution, with entropy governing its evolution. A new mathematical framework is required to describe this continuous field, integrating curvature, time dilation, and entropy dynamics. The implications of this model are explored in relation to black holes, cosmology, and the limitations of existing quantum theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Schrödinger Equation of Earth's Revolution

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

By replacing the electromagnetic interaction potential energy in the original Schrödinger equation with the gravitational interaction potential energy, the gravitational potential energy Schrödinger equation can be obtained. It is a product of the combination of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, suitable for describing macroscopic and microscopic systems. A quantum chemistry method that combines classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be established. Multiple computational examples have been provided for the application of this method. The basic particle structure configuration of wave elements can explain the source of electron spin magnetic moments. These three facts constitute a new theoretical system of quantum mechanics - a localized realism quantum mechanics system that combines classical mechanics and quantum forces. This has a positive impact on promoting the development of material structure theory and quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Possible Existence of Superluminal P and S Waves Within the Quantum Vacuum, and a Resolution to the Entanglement Problem

Authors: Christopher H. Pilot
Comments: 27 Pages.

Within the framework of Winterberg’s model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid, made up of very massive, positive as well as negative mass, Planck particles, we offer an explanation for quantum entanglement. We make use of the hypothesis,that Planck charge, ������ , was created at the same time as Planck mass, ������. Moreover, the repulsive force that Planck particles of a similar mass experience is, in reality, the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. There is also a gravitational force of attraction between two Planck particles of similar mass, but this will be shown to be related to the electrostatic force. We can prove that there is an electrostatic restoring force, ��+,�� =(������) ��̈ = −�� �� , acting on a Planck particle within this, two-component, non-viscous fluid (sea), which forces the individual Planck particle back into its equilibrium positions when disturbed (displaced). Moreover, it can be derived from the electrostatic force between individual Planck particles, �� ������^2/��^2 = ħ ��/��^2 = �� ������^2/��^2 . In fact, the spring constant, �� , can be shown to equal, 4 ��(3)ħ�� ��+(0) , where ��(3) equals Apery's constant, 1.202 ...., an irrational number.The, ��+(0) = ��−(0) , is the relaxed, present day, number density for the positive, as well as for the negative mass Planck particle, making up the vacuum. In the present epoch, we estimate that, ��+(0) equals, 7.848 ��54 ��^−3. The relaxed distance of separation between nearest-neighbor positive, as well as negative, Planck particle pairs is, ��+(0) = ��−(0) = 5.032 ��−19 ������������. We will argue that space is the arbitrator of quantum interactions, and not photons or gravitons, as is commonly thought. Space is inherently electrostatic (and gravistatic, at the same time) because these are the forces that hold it together. Moreover, space will allow for superluminal �� and �� waves to propagate, once the space is disturbed or otherwise disrupted (as in wave function collapse). We prove that the vacuum will thus allow for an almost instantaneous transmission of energy and information between two particles separated by a great distance using our two-component superfluid model. This may solve the quantum entanglement problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Interpretation of Multi-Qubit States on Complex Spacetime-Deformed Bloch Manifolds

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Bloch sphere provides an elegant geometric visualization for single-qubit quantum states but fails to scale intuitively to multi-qubit systems. In this paper, we propose a novel framework where Bloch spheres are reinterpreted as dynamic manifolds embedded within complex spacetime. Compression and expansion along the imaginary axis represent curvature due to quantum evolution, enabling a physical geometric model for entanglement and spin. We extend this idea to multiple qubits, where their states correspond to intersecting or entangled deformed manifolds. We also reinterpret the electron’s 720-degree rotation property as traversal of a Möbius-like loop in complex spacetime. This work aims to unify geometric visualization with the formal structure of quantum mechanics through complex geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

Resonant Observation and Dimensional Evolution: A New Interpretation of Quantum Perception and Reality

Authors: Charles Young
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper introduces a new theoretical framework called Dimensional Evolution, which reinterprets quantum observation through the lens of resonance. It proposes that wavefunction collapse is not a physical process, but a perceptual illusion created by the observer’s resonance with specific frequencies. The human body functions as a fractal antenna, filtering waveform reality and generating the illusion of particle-based outcomes. The interference pattern in the double slit experiment is reinterpreted as a visualization of resonance alignment, not probability distribution. This framework further explains the nature of consciousness, biological evolution, memory, and gravity through harmonic resonance, suggesting that many currently unobservable phenomena (such as dark matter) are waveform layers outside our resonant range. The theory provides a unified, resonance-based model of reality that bridges physics, biology, and perception.
Category: Quantum Physics

Diminishing Measurement Overhead in Quantum State Tomography with Quantum Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Study

Authors: Bhaumik Tyagi, Nazam Arora
Comments: 6 Pages.

A pivotal method in the field of quantum information processing (QIP) is quantum state tomography (QST), which is mostly used to reconstruct previously unidentified quantum states. However, traditional QST approaches have serious drawbacks due to the enormous number of measurements they require, making them impractical for studying large-scale quantum systems. To address this issue, a new approach is presented by combining Quantum Machine Learning (QML) methods to improve the effectiveness of QST. This work conducts a thorough investigation of various QST techniques, including both classical and quantum approaches. Various QML techniques for QST are used, demonstrating their effectiveness in a variety of simulated and experimental quantum systems, including complex multi-qubit networks. The results of this research support the outstanding prospect of QML-based QST method in achieving very high fidelity levels while drastically reducing the number of measurements needed in comparison to conventional methods. This innovative method has great potential for real-world applications in the field of quantum information processing.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Modification of the Aspect’s Experiment Scheme with Entangled Photons to Eliminate "Superluminal Loopholes"

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 4 Pages.

The article proposes a modification of the Aspect’s experiment to test the hypothesis ofnonlocality, which can be described by Lorentz-invariant equations with infinite-order derivatives. For such a modified experimental scheme, if the hypothesis is correct, the CHSH inequality is expected to hold for critical Cirel’son angles, for example, S=1.414 for a = 0◦,au2032 =45◦, b = 22.5◦,bu2032 = 67.5◦. In the case of the standard, unmodified experimental scheme, theCHSH inequality is known to be violated for these angles, S=2.7. The proposed modificationconsists not only of closing the locality loophole by switching the paths of the entangled photons to polarizers at different angles but also of physically interrupting (blocking) the photonpaths after their separation. Moreover, this interruption must be performed before switchingthe paths to other polarizers
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Physical Nature of the Diffusion Laser Cooling Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

The physical nature of the phenomenon of diffusion laser cooling is discussed. Sub-Doppler cooling in this case is achieved due to the phenomenon of anisotropic light scattering. Once again, it is proposed to carry out simple experiments to test the proposed physical explanation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics - Ontology Meets Epistemology

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

At issue: the nature of reality (ontology) and the pursuit of knowledge (epistemology). At quantum scale, ontology meets epistemology. What is proposed in this paper is an alternative interpretation of quantum behavior.A starting point different than the historical demystify certain concepts in QM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quanta Exchange and Unified Phenomena: From Quantum to Cosmic

Authors: Min Min Oo
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper is a revised and extended version of the paper previously posted at https://vixra.org/abs/2511.0061 under the title "Virtual Carrier Particle Quantumnization and Unified Phenomena: From Quantum to Cosmic." This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework, referred to as the Quanta Exchange Theory (QET), intended to describe natural interactions in a consistent manner from the quantum scale to the cosmic scale. Within this framework, fundamental interactions are not treated as independent forces but are instead interpreted as arising from the mutual emission and absorption of virtual carrier particles (VCPs) exchanged between physical systems. These exchange processes are taken to represent a common mechanism for the transfer of energy and momentum. The theory introduces an Isolation Principle of Quanta, which characterizes interaction processes in terms of discrete exchange events and constrains the propagation behavior of virtual carriers. The effective velocity and exchange frequency of these carriers are modeled as functions of system acceleration and coupling parameters. In this way, interaction strength is related to both kinematic and interaction properties within a unified description. As an illustrative application, observational data from the LIGO/Virgo neutron star merger event GW170817 are used to estimate parameters associated with gravitational interaction within the proposed framework. The inferred propagation speed of the corresponding gravitational carrier particles is found to be of the order of the speed of light, within the uncertainties of the observational data and the assumptions of the model. This example demonstrates how astrophysical observations may be employed to constrain or test elements of the QET formulation. The paper further develops a potential decomposition method, in which the total interaction potential is expressed as a sum of an action potential and a perturbation potential. Based on this decomposition, unified expressions for kinetic energy and total energy of interacting systems are constructed. This formalism allows for the calculation of binding energies in atomic-scale systems. The resulting expressions are shown to reproduce, and in appropriate limits extend, results consistent with those obtained from the Bohr model, Dirac theory, and available experimental data. Although different interactions may involve carrier particles with distinct properties, the underlying mechanism of energy exchange through virtual carriers is treated as common to all cases within the QET framework. Consequently, the theory emphasizes shared exchange processes rather than separate force categories, providing a unified perspective on interaction phenomena. This approach offers a possible conceptual bridge between classical and quantum descriptions of physical interactions and establishes a basis for further theoretical refinement and empirical examination.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Nature of Gravity and Quants

Authors: Reinhard Kronberger
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper i will show a extended picture of the nature of gravity.I will show that curvature of spacetime is only one side of the medal.The floating of spacetime is the other side.Furthermore i will show that quants can be described by finit group theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ultra-High Fidelity Disorder-Free 2D Floquet Time Crystal with Imaginary Spiral Twist: 5000-Period Simulation and 1M-Gate Validation on IBM Sherbrooke

Authors: Cinque McFarlane-Blake
Comments: 5 Pages. Zenodo DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15108309 (full source code, Qiskit circuits)

I report a disorder-free 2D Floquet discrete time crystal in a $30times30$ spin lattice, simulated via mean-field product-state evolution to fidelity 0.995741 after 5000 periods ($theta_{max}=pi/512$, $J=1.0$, $omega=126approx20$ Hz). The identical Hamiltonian, Trotter-implemented on a 9-qubit patch of IBM Sherbrooke, sustains a directly measured physical fidelity of $0.305pm0.018$ on four marked qubits over 50 periods (circuit depth $sim1.05$ million gates), with a clear subharmonic FFT peak confirming robust period-doubling in deep NISQ conditions. An imaginary spiral twist $iJsin(theta_{ij})sigma^z_isigma^z_j$ plus light classical feedback suppresses heating for 5000T in simulation and 50T on hardware, yielding real $langle H_{zz}angle$ and ultra-low stabilizers ($sim$0.001). These physical fidelities exceed all prior clean DTCs and enable selective low-frequency ($sim$20 Hz) isotope separation (e.g. $^{40}$Ca$^+$/$^{44}$Ca$^+$, C-13, N-15) without disorder or many-body localization.
Category: Quantum Physics

Titus Planck Units: Derivations and Numerical Evaluations

Authors: Quinton R. D. Tharp
Comments: 47 Pages.

This paper presents a detailed foundational analysis of Planck-scale quantities within the early formulation of the Quantum Phase Lattice Model (informally the "Titus" framework). Unlike conventional treatments that introduce Planck units as dimensional combinations, this approach begins from a deterministic lattice interpretation of energy and time via the Planck loop condition E_P t_P = h. This definition implies E_P = h / t_P, larger than the conventional hbar-based Planck energy by a factor of 2pi. Anchoring substitutions to this loop identity maintains internal consistency and direct linkage to observables. Symbolic derivations, numerical evaluations, and explicit unit checks are provided for the full set of Planck units using CODATA 2022 values, with cross-references to NIST standards for reproducibility. The electromagnetic quartet (Planck charge, voltage, current, and power) together with Planck impedance emerge transparently from these substitutions, yielding the algebraic relation Z_P = Z_0 / 2. The formulation also connects Planck-scale structure with atomic-scale identities, including h = 2pi m_e a_0 v_B and hbar = m_e v_B a_0, derived consistently within the lattice interpretation. This work represents the pre-hbar-primitive phase of the framework later formalized as the Quantum Lattice Model (QLM).
Category: Quantum Physics

Titus Planck Units: Derivations and Numerical Evaluations

Authors: Quinton R. D. Tharp
Comments: 47 Pages.

This paper presents a detailed, foundational analysis of Planck-scale quantities within the Quantum Phase Lattice Model ("Titus" framework). Unlike conventional treatments that introduce Planck units as dimensional combinations, the Titus approach begins from a deterministic lattice interpretation of energy and time via the Planck loop condition E_P t_P = h. This definition implies E_P = h / t_P, which is larger than the conventional hbar-based Planck energy by a factor of 2pi. Anchoring all substitutions to this loop identity keeps the derivations internally consistent, deterministic, and directly linked to observables. We provide symbolic derivations, numerical evaluations, and explicit unit checks for the full set of Planck units using CODATA 2022 values, with equation cross-references to NIST standards for clarity and reproducibility. The electromagnetic quartet (Planck charge, voltage, current, power) together with Planck impedance emerge transparently from the Titus substitutions, revealing an algebraic structure in which the Planck impedance equals half the vacuum impedance (Z_P = Z_0 / 2). The analysis further shows how the Titus framework unifies Planck-scale physics with atomic-scale structure: the Bohr identities h = 2pim_ea_0v_B and hbar = m_e*v_B*a_0 arise naturally and consistently from the lattice formalism. Presenting all Planck units within this structure establishes a rigorous foundation for subsequent sections of the Quantum Phase Lattice Model, where phase-coherence mechanics and cosmological implications are developed on this Planck-scale base.
Category: Quantum Physics

Shor’s Algorithm Base Range Reduction: Symmetry of Successful Bases

Authors: Muhammad Saad Bhatti
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, Please cite listed scientific references)

Shor’s algorithm factors large integers in polynomial time by reducing the problem to finding the order of a randomly chosen base modulo N. The algorithm succeeds when the chosen base a has an even order and avoids a trivial root of −1. In this paper, we prove a symmetry property: if a is a successful base for Shor’s algorithm, then so is N − a. This symmetry implies that successful bases always occur in pairs, allowing us to restrict the search range of bases to less than N/2 without loss of generality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derive Schrödinger Equation from F=ma

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 10 Pages.

The compatibility between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics is always worth discussing. According to F=ma, the Schrödinger equation (SC) can be derived. Important classical physics formulas can be derived from the SC. The SC intuitively contains the mass m and the potential energy formula (this quality m can be large enough to enter the macro range and the potential energy comes from classical attraction). These three points determine that the SC is an organic combination of wave functions and classical mechanical laws. Based on this, it can be predicted that the SC, which can be used to describe macroscopic objects, can be established. It can be observed from the experiment of electron diffraction in a magnetic field that the volatility and property of moving electrons can be presented simultaneously. This experimental phenomenon, together with the mathematical analysis mentioned above, supports the conclusion that Newton's second law still applies in the microscopic world. According to the SC, it can be proven that "the energy of a moving particle described by the law of waves is equivalent to a multiple of its kinetic energy"; There is no absolute boundary between macro and micro.
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetic Orbitals the First Vmagnetic Orbitals the First Visual Revelation of Quantum Geometries in the Macroscopic Worldisual Revelation of Quantum Geometries in the Macroscopic World

Authors: Marsio Salcuni
Comments: 215 Pages.

Have the shapes of atomic orbitals ever been observed in the real world? This research presents the first experimental three-dimensional visualization of atomic orbital geometries. By employing a bipolar Hall sensor in dynamic mode at a constant angle, magnetic field configurations were detected that are consistent - down to the finest detail - with the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom. The results suggest a structural connection between the probabilistic concepts of quantum mechanics and observable macroscopic phenomena, proposing a new paradigm for unifying classical and quantum physics. The entire work also provides a replicable guide for generating Magnetic Orbitals by scanning one or more Magnets - essentially sharing the method for making a MAGNETIC CT SCAN.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Bias in Quantum Path Integrals: A Causal Model of Bell Correlations

Authors: Frank Lombard
Comments: 35 Pages. Updates that disclose assumptions and derivations of why entanglement enforces the probability amplitudes for the hyper-dimension path.

Bell test experiments - which have culminated in the Nobel-winning work of Clauser, Aspect, and Zeilinger - have definitively closed loopholes for all classical hidden-variable models operating in (3+1)D spacetime. These results compel us to reconsider the dimensional assumptions of causal structure. We propose a hypothesis in which an informational bias field, $phi(x)$, emerges through higher-dimensional path integrals.This framework introduces a dynamical informational bias field $phi(x)$, sourced by entropy gradients via information geometry, and incorporated into a modified Feynman path integral formalism. The field induces a conserved topological charge $phi(x)$ that links entangled particles through shared hyper-dimensional structure, restoring classical causality in an expanded manifold. Typically, such hyper-dimensional paths cancel through destructive interference, but under entanglement constraints, the hyper-path amplitude is constructively reinforced—preserving coherence and restoring classical causality in the full configuration space. This is the fundamental hypothesis of this paper.Simulations show that this bias produces testable shifts in Bell-type correlations and ghost imaging patterns, while preserving unitarity and no-signaling. The model offers a falsifiable geometric alternative to hidden-variable theories, unifying entanglement and information through bias curvature in extended configuration space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Bias in Quantum Path Integrals: A Causal Model of Bell Correlations

Authors: Frank Lombard
Comments: 33 Pages. Revised paper with more rigorous derivations.

Bell test experiments - which have culminated in the Nobel-winning work of Clauser,Aspect, and Zeilinger - have definitively closed loopholes for all classical hidden-variablemodels operating in (3+1)D spacetime. These results compel us to reconsider thedimensional assumptions of causal structure. We propose a hypothesis in which asymbolic or informational bias field, ϕ(x), emerges through higher-dimensional pathintegrals. This framework introduces a dynamical informational bias field ϕ(x), sourced byentropy gradients via information geometry, and incorporated into a modified Feynman path integral formalism. The field induces a conserved topological charge ϕ(x)that links entangled particles through shared hyper-dimensional structure, restoringclassical causality in an expanded manifold. Typically, such hyper-dimensional pathscancel through destructive interference, but under entanglement constraints, the hyper-path amplitude is constructively reinforced—preserving coherence and restoring classi-cal causality in the full configuration space. This is the fundamental hypothesis of this paper.Simulations show that this bias produces testable shifts in Bell-type correlations andghost imaging patterns, while preserving unitarity and no-signaling. The model offers afalsifiable geometric alternative to hidden-variable theories, unifying entanglement andinformation through symbolic curvature in extended configuration space.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Binary Scalar Symbolic Field Yields Elementary Particles Consistent With General Relativity

Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 87 Pages. 8 figures, 173 equations

The Standard Model and Quantum Field Theory (QFT) describe the microscopic world with remarkable precision, while General Relativity (GR) provides an apparently accurate account of spacetime and gravity. Yet fundamental gaps remain. These range from the measurement problem to unresolved discrepancies such as the muon ( g{-}2 ) anomaly and the vacuum energy density. To address these challenges, we introduce a Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) rooted in a binary scalar field ( psi_0 ), extended by a local vector field ( psi_1 ) that detects entropy gradients, and a fiber bundle gauge field ( psi_2 ) enabling motif classification and dynamics. Strikingly, 14 unique-under-manifold-roation 8-bit (2{times}2{times}2) motifs in ( psi_0 ) yield a clean physical correspondence with the elementary particles of QFT. The framework also encodes geodesic curvature from motif structure, obviating the need for a cosmological constant. Furthermore, while the $C_8$ formalism is proved un-computable, higher n bitmotifs such as $C_{17}$ admit computability. Using a symbolic Turing machine, an observer is defined within SSFT. This formalism is not intended to displace existing QFT predictive structures, but to provide generative reframing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Gravitation in D-Space Dimensions Universe

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 24 Pages.

From Restraint Relativity it is possible to consider a corpuscle as a packet of strings. The variation of the length of this packet-the string vector- is equal to the phase speed of the corpuscle as a packet of waves times an universal constant. In a system of units where ℏ=c=a=1 the string vector becomes equal to the wave vector.Considering the interaction of the corpuscle with vacuum we deduce the link between the two packets and the values of the universal constants by referring to cosmological observations and models of black body radiation & Bohr atom. Considering electron in the first layer of Bohr atom to calculate the exchanged energy with vacuum we deduce quantified gravitational constants G & Λ to be introduced in Einstein equations of the gravitational field.
Category: Quantum Physics

Corpuscles as Packets of Strings

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 22 Pages.

From Restraint Relativity it is possible to consider a corpuscle as a packet of strings. The variation of the length of this packet is equal to the phase speed of the corpuscle as a packet of waves times an universal constant. Considering the interaction of the corpuscle with vacuum we deduce the link between the two packets and the values of the universal constants by referring to cosmological observations and models of black body radiation & Bohr atom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Precise Values of the Lifetime of Positronium in Vacuum

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 2 Figures.

In this paper, we calculate the lifetime of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) in vacuum with Euler formula for Basil problem and our previous formulas of the fine-structure constant and the atomic unit of time (tau). Our calculated value of the lifetime of ortho-positronium in vacuum is 142.041358500909 ns in comparison to the most accurate measured value which was 142.043(14) ns and the latest QED calculated value which was 142.04606(20) ns. In addition, with the similar method we also calculate out the lifetime of para-positronium (p-Ps) in vacuum which is 0.1251627502491 ns compared to the QED calculated values 0.125162617(3) ns and 0.125162432(3) ns.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon Q.E.D./Q.C.D Free

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 11 Pages.

The theoretical determination of the muon magnetic anomaly is usually carried out through QED techniques up to five loops, adding electroweak contributions and hadronic contributions from QCD via lattice numerical simulations. Recent experimental results (BNL E821, Fermilab E989) support the theoretical predictions. The present work, in analogy with the determination of the electron magnetic anomaly, proposes a theoretical determination based exclusively on the structure of the muon, within a deterministic and non-local modified Bohmian (dBBZ) framework. This structure is carefully defined through a matrix Mz containing all the information related to the orbitals constituting the muon itself. Subsequent refinement stages of the matrix are achieved through the repeated imposition of entanglement among the constituent masses. The method follows that reported in viXra: 2505.0128, replacing the quantities of the muon hybrid orbitals (weak components and electric components) with the purely electric components of the electron case.The structure of the muon contains that of the electron, with its mass, total charge, and charge source. The compensation of the weak components at the three-loop calculation level, for each orbital, is performed and justified by two parameters, dw and iw, whose determination leads to relative errors on the total mass of the order of 10^-8 and on the magnetic anomaly of the order of 10^-7. The aforementioned errors, as functions of the parameters dw and iw, lead to the definition of a structural error space, within which it is possible to identify a very rigid but non-zero local minimum, a circumstance that foreshadows the instability of the muon and lays the foundations for the structural calculation of its decay time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics and Classical Mechanics Can Be Used Together

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 14 Pages.

Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are incompatible, and the highly controversial concepts of "uncertainty" and "non realism" are deeply rooted old ideas. Their existence has seriously hindered the development of physics. It is the obligation of explorers to clarify the reasons, methods, application examples, and significance of combining quantum mechanics with classical mechanics. By analyzing the composition, structure, and function of the Schrödinger equation, it can be concluded that the equation itself is a product of the organic combination of classical mechanical laws and wave functions. Prove that the Schrödinger equation is an organic synthesis of the classical mechanical law T+V=E and the wave function (including its differential). Export the Schrödinger equation with gravitational potential energy that can describe macroscopic systems. Pure mathematical methods cannot limit the magnitude of the mass m in the Schrödinger equation. These three facts determine that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be used simultaneously to describe the same object that is not limited by mass (providing multiple successful computational examples of "simultaneous use"). These research conclusions can lead to conceptual innovation, theoretical innovation, methodological innovation, and knowledge renewal in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Does It Mean that Quantum Mechanics Can Be Combined with Classical Mechanics?

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the fundamental field of physics, there have been no major innovations for over a century. There are now three original innovations emerging: establishing the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy, which canbe used to describe classical planetary systems; Create wave element (non-point) material structure theory; Combining classical mechanics and quantum mechanics to solve practical problems. They are closely related andform a chain of evidence. Their theoretical value lies in their ability to change the old notion that "classical mechanics and quantum forces are incompatible" and promote the birth of new theories. In addition, the birth of theSchrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy has enabled the original Schrödinger equation to also be used to describe macroscopic systems. Their practical value lies in the birth of new methods in quantum mechanics and the simplification of quantum chemical calculations. Provided multiple successful calculation examples such as electron spin magnetic moment, "Earth's orbital motion", and hydrogen molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Proof that Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics Can be Used Together: a Spark that Ignited the Scientific Revolution

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Nowadays, the notion that 'quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are incompatible' is firmly held in people's minds. One of the paths of the physics revolution was to break this notion and achieve the goal of combining classical mechanicswith quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy was derived by replacing thepotential energy function. This equation can describe classical mechanical systems, and is a mathematical foundation thatcan be combined with classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.. Mathematically speaking, the application ofHamiltonian operator and Schrödinger equation is not limited by whether the system is microscopic or macroscopic. Themethod of using the Schrödinger equation to solve problems is called the wave dynamics method (quantum mechanicsmethod). The classical mechanical system can use the Schrödinger equation. This indicates that classical mechanics andquantum mechanics can be combined for the same system. As long as there is no superstition about the absolutedominance of existing quantum mechanical explanations such as uncertainty, superposition, and coherence in themicroscopic world (Plus establishing a ring electronic structure model), the combination of classical mechanics andquantum mechanics can be used in practice. Multiple successful examples of using quantum mechanics withoutcombining classical forces have been provided with the
Category: Quantum Physics