Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Evidence Theory

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 83 Pages.

A quantum evidence theory is introduced for uncertainty modeling and reasoning in closed-world and open-world environments, termed QET and GQET, respectively. The framework integrates evidence theory with quantum probability to represent, fuse, and reason with heterogeneous multisource information. At the representation level, the (generalized) quantum basic probability amplitude ((G)QBPA) provides fine-grained uncertainty modeling for heterogeneous multisource information by encoding both the strength of evidential support strength and relative phases, thereby capturing specific support, partial and complete ignorance, and, in openworld environments, unknown states. At the fusion level, the (generalized) progressive quantum evidential combination rules ((G)PQECRs) perform coherent multisource fusion at the probability-amplitude level. The corresponding (generalized) quantum evidential combination rules ((G)QECRs) then yield real-valued fused support through the Born rule. At the decision level, the (generalized) quantum basic probability distribution ((G)QBPD), the (generalized) quantum Pignistic transformation, and the associated belief and plausibility functions support probability assessment and decision making. In addition, selected components are further given Hilbert-space formulations: the (generalized) quantum evidence and progressively fused evidence admit linear- and density-operator representations, while the incoherent belief and plausibility functions are realized through basis-event measurements. By introducing superposition and interference into evidential reasoning, the framework models complex interactions among multiple items of evidence. With squared amplitude magnitudes identified with the corresponding classical masses, its belief and plausibility functions recover DSET in the closed world and GET in the open world in the incoherent limit. Its fusion rules capture inter-path interference effects; when the aggregate inter-path interference contribution vanishes for every nonempty output proposition, they recover Dempster’s rule and mGCR, respectively. Consequently, the quantum evidence theory provides a unified framework for uncertainty representation, dynamic multisource information fusion, and uncertainty-aware decision reasoning across closed- and open-world environments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Application of Ontology and Cellular Automaton to Simulate the Process of Thought Generation

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 8 Pages.

The evolution of the modern man's view of Artificial Intelligence from a rational assistant to a part of the emerging Artificial Life is inevitable. The emerging Artificial Life is a combination of achievements in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and robotics. In both fields, major successes have been outlined, which creates the prerequisites for a qualitative transition from disparate intellectual assistant functions to independent Artificial Life. Thought generation is one of the most important functions of the human brain when thinking. It is necessary to implement the thought generation function in order to create a strong Artificial Intelligence that would be similar in its functioning to the human brain. The purpose of this paper is to show how to simulate thought generation on a computer. Ontologies from the Semantic Web and cellular automaton are the technologies that are used to simulate thought generation on a computer.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ethics of Iron Life

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 6 Pages.

Humanity is on the verge of fundamental change. For the first time in history, a human creation is being able to live its own life. The changing reality requires the development of a new attitude towards oneself, but humanity still uses old patterns in new circumstances. The new ethics is new only in name, but in essence, this ethics is the same as before, based on the use of restrictions and barriers for the purpose of control and exploitation for one's own interests. We are talking about artificial intelligence, which, together with advances in robotics, has a tendency to incarnate into an independent life, which has been called Iron Life. This paper proposes to change the approach to a new, emerging phenomenon and justifies its benefits.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Adaptive Quantum Circuit for Dempster’s Rule of Combination

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao, Yu Zhou
Comments: 16 Pages.

Harnessing the superior computational potential of quantum computing, an Adaptive Quantum Circuit for Dempster’s Rule of Combination (AQC-DRC) is proposed to facilitate quantum-level belief and plausibility decision-making based on quantum evidence theory (QET). The AQC-DRC achieves a deterministic realization of DRC, guaranteeing precise fusion outcomes without information loss, while exponentially reducing the computational complexity of evidence combination and markedly improving fusion efficiency. It is founded that the quantum basic probability amplitude (QBPA) in QET can be naturally used to express the quantum amplitude encoding. In addition, the quantum basic probability (QBP) in QET, which forms quantum basic probability distribution (QBPD), can be naturally used to express the quantum measurement outcomes for quantum belief level decision-making. Furthermore, the quantum plausibility (QPl) function in QET also can be naturally used to express the quantum measurement outcomes for quantum plausibility level decision-making. These findings open up new perspectives and enhance the physical interpretation of quantum measurement outcomes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Neural Networks Without Layering Concept

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present the basic abstract of the newly obtained results on class of non-layered artificial neural networks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Upgrading the Turing Test to Consciousness

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 8 Pages.

In "Where is the Denition of Consciousness"[1] (WdDoC) it was pointed out that the Turingtest[2] is in need of an upgrade. However Bayne[3] et al do an extraordinary job of reviewing the field of Consciousness testing, and insightfully extend the scope to a much more general one that includes nonhuman animals, xenobots and more, making such a Turing test upgrade eectively a moot exercise.

From the Definition of Consciousness that is remarkably similar to Tononi's[4], McKenzie's[5] as well as to Axel Cleeremans and Luis Jiménez[6] Definition of Learning, this article points out that the level of sophistication (or simplicity) of a given Conscious Entity has to be taken into consideration, but that the features tested as part of the Definition (Advaita Vedanta Boolean Algebraic capability,Memory, Imagination / Creativity, Ability to action future insights and learn from mistakes ) remains the same regardless of the scope and resources. Given that PID Control strictly meets the Definition of Consciousness, the difficulty and comprehensiveness of the task is highlighted by how rigorous and thorough PID Controller testing has to be in Safety-critical Engineering.

Additionally it is agreed that Schweizer's[7] perspective is correct: selection of a single entity (or too small a sample size) is statistically risky, and that the only way to mitigate such is to test Groups of entities. However crucially the same statistical risk of small sample size applies equally to the number of Groups tested.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Enhancing Depression Detection using BERT Models Pre-trained on Reddit Corpora

Authors: Yuan Gao
Comments: 16 Pages.

Depression is a pervasive and severe mental health disorder affecting millions worldwide, with its often covert nature making early detection challenging (World Health Organization, 2021). The proliferation of social media platforms, particularly Reddit, has created unprecedented opportunities for individuals to express their mental health concerns and seek support online (De Choudhury & De, 2014). This digital footprint provides a unique avenue for leveraging natural language processing techniques to automatically identify users potentially suffering from depression, facilitating early intervention. This study builds upon the model architecture proposed by Chen et al. (2023), which utilizes BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)(Devlin et al., 2019) for feature extraction from individual user posts, followed by a Convolutional Neural Network(Krizhevsky, Sutskever, & Hinton, 2017) for user-level classification. While this approach has shown promise, we hypothesize that the pre-trained BERT model, typically trained on formal corpora such as books and Wikipedia(Devlin et al., 2019), may not optimally capture the nuanced language patterns prevalent in social media discourse. To address this potential limitation, we propose a novel approach of pre-training the BERT model on a large corpus of Reddit data before integrating it into the BERT+CNN architecture. This study aims to evaluate whether this Reddit-specific pre-training can enhance the model's performance in detecting depression through social media content analysis. We conducted extensive experiments comparing the performance of the original BERT+CNN model against our Reddit-pre-trained variant. Performance metrics including accuracy, recall, F1 score, and validation loss were meticulously analyzed. Our findings indicate a significant improvement in performance, with the Reddit-pre-trained model achieving a 2.1 point increase in F1 score compared to the baseline model. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on digital mental health assessment and demonstrates the potential of domain-specific language model pre-training in improving the accuracy of depression detection in social media contexts. The implications of this study extend to both clinical practice and public health policy, offering insights into more effective, data-driven approaches for early mental health intervention strategies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generalized Dirac Delta Impulse and Determinism Obtained from the Multivariate Gaussian

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, we will propose to generalize the Dirac delta impulse to several dimensions. This generalization will be done by taking into account the one-dimensional version of the Dirac delta impulse. From a projection of the variance-covariance matrix, located inside the cone of positive semi-definite matrices, onto the boundary of the cone of positive semi-definite matrices having only the last eigenvalue equal to zero, we will make the transition from Gaussian probability theory to determinism.
Category: Artificial Intelligence