Classical Physics

2607 Submissions

[2] viXra:2607.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-17 19:12:46

The Mystery of the Gravitational Constant G: The Greatest Metrological Impasse in History, or Evidence That Gravity Is More Complex Than Newton Thought?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The "Big G" problem remains an unsolved mystery in modern metrology and physics. Scientists have yet to obtain a precise value for the gravitational constant. Various laboratories use impeccable equipment that achieves record-breaking measurement accuracy, yet their results consistently diverge beyond the permissible error margins. It is shown here that the problem of the gravitational constant G is directly related to the incompleteness of the Newtonian model of gravity. The gravitational constant G refers to the gravity of the entire universe—this is its fundamental meaning. However, "Big G" is calculated from Newton's law of gravity, which does not take into account the gravity of the universe. Using the local law of two-body gravity F = GmM/r^2 without taking into account the gravity of the enormous mass of the universe leads to an error. To eliminate this error, it is proposed to use the law of gravity FU = GmM/r^2 + (mc^2)√Ʌ, which takes into account the gravity of the universe. It has been shown that the discrepancy between the values of G lies in the fact that the second component of the gravitational force, (mc^2)√Ʌ, is not taken into account when calculating it. This leads to a shift in the values of G by varying amounts, depending on the contribution of the second component, (mc^2)√Ʌ. The measured value of the constant G depends not only on technical limitations but also on how adequately the physical law from which it is calculated describes gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

[1] viXra:2607.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2026-07-09 19:04:36

Reasons the Photon Mass Should be Exactly Zero

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 5 Pages.

We argue from general relativity that if photons had mass, then charged black holes could not exist. But there is evidence they do exist. Also, big violations of Maxwell's laws would occur, even in regions far from black holes. This is the first evidence that photons really have zero, as opposed to just very small, mass. We also point out that the presence of extragalactic magnetic fields suggests |mγ|⪅10-64kg. Two independent lines of argument, one based on extragalactic magnetic fields and very conservative bounds on current densities, the other based on Voyager spaceprobe magnetometer measurements,both find |mγ|⪅1.7×10-56kg. These numbers are respectively 1010 and 60 times stronger than the best previous experimental bound. Finally, we consider the fact that massless quantum fields have additional symmetries. While it is tempting to try to use that as further justification for masslessness, it ultimately seems wrong.
Category: Classical Physics